{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T08:03:54Z","timestamp":1776326634991,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immersion vaccination of single\u2010walled carbon nanotubes loaded with mannose\u2010modified glycoprotein (SWCNTs\u2010MG) vaccine has been proved to be effective in preventing spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV). Immunization procedure has immense consequence on the immune effect of the immersion vaccine. However, immunization procedure optimization for SWCNTs\u2010MG vaccine against SVCV has not been reported. In this study, accordingly, a full\u2010factor experiment was designed to optimize the immunization procedure of SWCNTs\u2010MG vaccine by three aspects of vaccine dose (30\u00a0mg\/L, 40\u00a0mg\/L and 50\u00a0mg\/L), immunization density (8 fish L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, 24 fish L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and 48 fish L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>) and immunization time (6, 12 and 24\u00a0hr). Furthermore, we used the immunization group (A1B2C1, 30\u00a0mg\/L, 24 fish L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and 6\u00a0hr) in the previous study as a positive control (PC) to evaluate the immunization effect optimized conditions from the expression of immune\u2010related genes and relative percentage survival (RPS). At 28\u00a0days post\u2010vaccination (DPV), common carps were intraperitoneal injected SVCV challenged test indicated that the A1B2C2 group (30\u00a0mg\/L, 24 fish L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>, 12\u00a0hr) displayed superiority of protective efficacy compare with other groups and the RPS with 77.9%, which was 15.6% higher than the PC group of RPS with 62.3%. Moreover, the expression of immune\u2010related genes such as <jats:italic>IL\u201010<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CD4<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>MHC\u2010II<\/jats:italic> was also significantly higher than PC group. The specific experimental flow chart is shown in Figure\u00a0<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#jfd13506-fig-0001\">1<\/jats:ext-link>. Conclusively, these results demonstrated that vaccine dose, immunization density and immunization time are 30\u00a0mg\/L, 24 fish L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and 12\u00a0hr, which is the more appropriate immunization programme with juvenile carp for SWCNTs\u2010MG vaccine. This study provides a profitable reference for improving the immune efficiency of aquatic immersion vaccine.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:fig><jats:caption><jats:p>The experiment process and timeline chart of the present research<\/jats:p><\/jats:caption><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" mimetype=\"image\/png\" position=\"anchor\" specific-use=\"enlarged-web-image\" xlink:href=\"graphic\/jfd13506-fig-0001-m.png\"><jats:alt-text>image<\/jats:alt-text><\/jats:graphic><\/jats:fig><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T18:00:01Z","timestamp":1628791201000},"page":"1925-1936","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Optimization of immunization procedure for SWCNTs\u2010based subunit vaccine with mannose modification against spring viraemia of carp virus in common carp"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Yu\u2010Ming","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gao\u2010Xue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5702-524X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology Northwest A&amp;F University  Yangling China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.10.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2012.05.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2019.04.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"447","article-title":"Potency testing of fish vaccine","volume":"49","author":"Amend D. 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