{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:11:44Z","timestamp":1787015504984,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Tilapia tilapinevirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (also known as tilapia lake virus, TiLV) is considered to be a new threat to the global tilapia industry. The objective of this study was to develop simple cell culture\u2010based heat\u2010killed (HKV) and formalin\u2010killed (FKV) vaccines for the prevention of disease caused by TiLV. The fish were immunized with 100\u00a0\u00b5l of either HKV or FKV by intraperitoneal injection with each vaccine containing 1.8\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    TCID\n                    <jats:sub>50\u2010<\/jats:sub>\n                    inactivated virus. A booster vaccination was carried out at 21\u2010day post\u2010vaccination (dpv) using the same protocol. The fish were then challenged with a lethal dose of TiLV at 28 dpv. The expression of five immune genes (\n                    <jats:italic>IgM<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IgD<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IgT<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CD4<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>CD8<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in the head kidney and spleen of experimental fish was assessed at 14 and 21 dpv and again after the booster vaccination at 28 dpv. TiLV\u2010specific IgM responses were measured by ELISA at the same time points. The results showed that both vaccines conferred significant protection, with relative percentage survival of 71.3% and 79.6% for HKV and FKV, respectively. Significant up\u2010regulation of\n                    <jats:italic>IgM<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>IgT<\/jats:italic>\n                    was observed in the head kidney of fish vaccinated with HKV at 21 dpv, while\n                    <jats:italic>IgM<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IgD<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>CD4<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression increased in the head kidney of fish receiving FKV at the same time point. After booster vaccination,\n                    <jats:italic>IgT<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>CD8<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcripts were significantly increased in the spleen of fish vaccinated with the HKV, but not with FKV. Both vaccines induced a specific IgM response in both serum and mucus. In summary, this study showed that both HKV and FKV are promising injectable vaccines for the prevention of disease caused by TiLV in Nile tilapia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T09:49:52Z","timestamp":1630662592000},"page":"2097-2109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Efficacy of heat\u2010killed and formalin\u2010killed vaccines against\n                    <i>Tilapia tilapinevirus<\/i>\n                    in juvenile Nile tilapia (\n                    <i>Oreochromis niloticus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1953-1103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thao Thu","family":"Mai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Department of Veterinary Microbiology Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand"},{"name":"The International Graduate Program of Veterinary Science and Technology (VST) Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Aquacultural Biotechnology Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6187-2772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pattanapon","family":"Kayansamruaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management Faculty of Fisheries Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4834-8693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suwimon","family":"Taengphu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Health Platform Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp) Faculty of Science Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand"},{"name":"National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) Pathum Thani Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5599-4343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saengchan","family":"Senapin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Health Platform Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp) Faculty of Science Mahidol University Bangkok Thailand"},{"name":"National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) Pathum Thani Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2243-0146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janina Z.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture Research Group Moredun Research Institute Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9582-1228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"del\u2010Pozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection and Immunity Division Roslin Institute Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3550-4842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim D.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture Research Group Moredun Research Institute Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5711-9294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Channarong","family":"Rodkhum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), 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