{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:09:46Z","timestamp":1787242186640,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009486","name":"Havs- och Vattenmyndigheten","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009486","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Bacterial kidney disease (BKD) can be a devastating bacterial infection in salmonids, and it is present in aquaculture throughout the world. BKD is caused by the Gram\u2010positive facultative intracellular bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Renibacterium salmoninarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>salmoninarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) that is spread both horizontally and vertically. Disease signs include external ulcerations and blisters and internal signs such as organ swelling, granulomas, petechiae and ascites. In Sweden, BKD accounts for a significant income loss in aquacultures due to expensive decontamination of the facility and increased disease susceptibility for the immunocompromised fish leading to higher mortality rates. In addition, uncontrolled spread in aquaculture may threaten the survival of wild fish populations. The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>salmoninarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in wild salmonids caught in Swedish waters where net pen farms with a recent history of BKD are present. Four rivers with at least one BKD\u2010positive or recently BKD\u2010positive farm were selected. In addition, we evaluated the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) for surveillance and monitoring of ongoing infections at these locations. In total, 1058 fish were sampled from four different river systems, and of them 52 (4.9%) were positive for\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>salmoninarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    by antigen ELISA. Surprisingly, these fish were not evenly distributed between the four river systems, but 50 were caught in the same river (Ljungan). This accounts for an alarmingly high rate of 17%\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>salmoninarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010positive samples in wild salmonids in this area. This number is far above what was expected and clearly shows the risk with an open farming system as well as the importance of effective health monitoring programmes to avoid an uncontrolled spread of the disease. The use of eDNA for monitoring BKD is somewhat difficult to evaluate. Few of the water samples analysed were PCR positive for\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>salmoninarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (2 of 38) and those were collected where no ELISA positive fish were identified. In addition to water, sediment samples were collected under a net pen farm that had recently slaughtered all fish due to ongoing\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>salmoninarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections. Sediment samples are more promising than water as 4 of 5 samples at one farming facility where positive for\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u00a0\n                    <jats:italic>salmoninarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Thus, sediment samples may be valuable for monitoring potential ongoing BKD in farms, without the need to sacrifice valuable fish.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]],"date-time":"2022-01-29T13:35:02Z","timestamp":1643463302000},"page":"613-621","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Assessing the presence and spread of\n                    <i>Renibacterium salmoninarum<\/i>\n                    between farmed and wild fish in Sweden"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6799-7795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B. David","family":"Persson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Institute  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Asp\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Institute  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paulina","family":"Hysing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Institute  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Blomkvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Institute  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Jansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Institute  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludvig","family":"Ors\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Institute  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hampus","family":"H\u00e4llbom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Institute  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5729-1353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Ax\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Veterinary Institute  Uppsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"A field evaluation of an indirect fluorescent antibody\u2010based broodstock screening test used to control the vertical transmission of Renibacterium salmoninarium in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)","volume":"53","author":"Armstrong R. 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