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This study investigates the virulence of nocardial lipids essential for pathogenesis among Actinomycetes. Petroleum ether (PE) was used to selectively delipidate two groups of <jats:italic>N.\u00a0seriolae<\/jats:italic>, namely, live cell (LC) and killed cell (KC); resulting in delipidated live cell (DLC) and delipidated killed cell (DKC), respectively. Changes post\u2010delipidation on genus characteristics, such as loss in acid\u2010fast nature and resistance to lysozyme were observed. Transmission electron microscopy revealed notable changes in the lipid layer. Additionally, <jats:italic>Lates calcarifer<\/jats:italic>, Asian seabass intraperitoneally injected with LC and DLC had mortality rates of 90% and 50%, respectively, with the latter exhibiting a delay in mortality. Reverse\u2010transcription quantitative PCR (RT\u2010qPCR) analysis of host cytokines from the spleen and head kidney showed delipidation contributed to the induction of an immune response with increased transcriptional levels of interferon\u2010\u03b3 (<jats:italic>ifn\u2010\u03b3<\/jats:italic>). Histopathological samples collected on day 7 post\u2010inoculation displayed a varied granulomatous response between the treatment groups and scored for pathological changes. These findings affirm that the virulence of the lipids remains independent of the living state of the cell, significantly altering the immune and granulomatous responses in <jats:italic>L.\u00a0calcarifer<\/jats:italic> to <jats:italic>N.\u00a0seriolae.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T10:23:02Z","timestamp":1673432582000},"page":"405-416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["<i>Nocardia seriolae<\/i> cell wall lipids: An effective protective mechanism in resistance and virulence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0497-8084","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Celenia","family":"Nazareth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6576-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shreesha","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3339-7740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li\u2010Wu","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7986-1625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei\u2010Chi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"},{"name":"International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung  Pingtung Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2885-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih\u2010Chu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"},{"name":"International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung  Pingtung Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Centre for Animal Biologics National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.123.3.1235\u20101253.1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.2.213"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600\u20100854.2000.010306.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096158"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.91.2.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.12.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472\u20109792(02)00089\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102761.2000.00217.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915\u2010021\u201001023\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12881"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Lysozyme assays","volume":"1","author":"Ellis A. 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