{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:38:20Z","timestamp":1776440300106,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]],"date-time":"2023-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Flavobacterium psychrophilum<\/jats:italic> is a pathogenic bacterium affecting Chilean salmonid farms. High antigenic and genetic diversity exists among Chilean <jats:italic>F.\u2009psychrophilum<\/jats:italic> isolates, but the distribution thereof among farms is poorly understood. These epidemiological data are key for developing isolate\u2010specific vaccines. The present study isolated <jats:italic>F.\u2009psychrophilum<\/jats:italic> in diseased Atlantic salmon (<jats:italic>Salmo salar<\/jats:italic>) and rainbow trout (<jats:italic>Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/jats:italic>) from five freshwater farms between 2018 and 2019. Each farm only raised one salmonid species and was geographically separated from and did not share culturing water with the other farms. Antigenic and genetic analyses were conducted to shed light on the possibility of isolates coexisting within the same farm during outbreaks. A total of 68 Chilean <jats:italic>F.\u2009psychrophilum<\/jats:italic> isolates were recovered from skin lesions, gills, fins, kidney and spleen of moribund and live fish. Among the 68 Chilean isolates, mPCR\u2010serotyping indicated three major serotypes (i.e. 23.5% type 0; 47.1% type 2; and 26.5% type 4) and, to a lesser degree, serotype 1 (2.9%). Sixteen antigenic groups were detected by slide agglutination. Genetic characterizations by 16S rRNA alleles identified 71% of the isolates as the virulent genogroup CSF259\u201093 allele. A predominant serotype was associated with each farm, with types 0 and 4 related to Atlantic salmon and types 1 and 2 to rainbow trout. Notwithstanding, several antigenic groups coexisted within some farms. Likewise, the experimental intramuscular challenges (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200920) demonstrated that the type\u20102 isolates from rainbow trout were the most pathogenic among isolates recovered from infectious outbreaks in Atlantic salmon, especially as compared to those from types\u20100 and \u20104. These results allow us to suggest that prevention measures, specifically vaccines, should be developed according to dominant isolates and with specificity to each farm, that is the use of autogenous or site\u2010specific vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]],"date-time":"2023-06-26T06:54:46Z","timestamp":1687762486000},"page":"1085-1096","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Co\u2010occurrence of heterogeneous <i>Flavobacterium psychrophilum<\/i> isolates within the same Chilean farm and during the same infectious outbreak"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Ilardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Farmacolog\u00eda en Aquacultura Veterinaria FAV S.A. Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo  Santiago Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Valdes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farmacolog\u00eda en Aquacultura Veterinaria FAV S.A. Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo  Puerto Varas Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Experimental Farmacolog\u00eda en Aquacultura Veterinaria FAV S.A. Abbott (CEFA)  Puerto Varas Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rute","family":"Irgang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patolog\u00eda de Organismos Acu\u00e1ticos y Biotecnolog\u00eda Acu\u00edcola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello  Vi\u00f1a del Mar Chile"},{"name":"Centro FONDAP Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR) Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello  Vi\u00f1a del Mar Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5368-4475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruben","family":"Avenda\u00f1o\u2010Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patolog\u00eda de Organismos Acu\u00e1ticos y Biotecnolog\u00eda Acu\u00edcola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello  Vi\u00f1a del Mar Chile"},{"name":"Centro FONDAP Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR) Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello  Vi\u00f1a del Mar Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Marina Quintay (CIMARQ) Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello  Quintay Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917\u2010015\u20100469\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13199"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713\u201052\u20103\u20101049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13349"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"162","article-title":"First isolation of Flexibacter psychrophilus, as causative agent of rainbow trout fry syndrome (RTFS), producing rainbow trout mortality in Chile","volume":"15","author":"Bustos P. 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