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However, aquaculture of Asian seabass is limited by infectious diseases. One of the most serious diseases is photobacteriosis, caused by <jats:italic>Photobacterium damselae<\/jats:italic>. Vaccination is recognized as an efficient disease prevention and pathogen control method for strengthening the aquaculture industry. To promote vaccine development, the characterization of pathogenic bacteria and their pathogenesis is required. In this study, isolates of <jats:italic>P. damselae<\/jats:italic> were obtained from commercial aquaculture farms in Thailand during 2019\u20132021. Analyses of 16S rRNA and the urease subunit alpha genes identified the isolates as <jats:italic>P. damselae<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>damselae<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Phdd<\/jats:italic>). Antibiotic susceptibility analyses showed that all <jats:italic>Phdd<\/jats:italic> isolates were resistant to amoxicillin (10\u2009\u03bcg). Haemolysis and phospholipase activities were used to categorize <jats:italic>P. damselae<\/jats:italic> into three groups based on their biological activities. The pathogenicity of four candidates (SK136, PD001, PD002 and T11L) was tested in Asian seabass. Isolate SK136 showed the highest virulence, with a lethal dose (LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) of 1.47\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\u2009CFU\/fish, whereas isolate PD001 did not show any virulence. Genotypic characterization, based on multi\u2010locus sequence typing analysis, demonstrated that all candidates were novel strains with new sequence types (64, 65, 66 and 67). Preliminary vaccination using formalin\u2010killed cells (FKCs) protected Asian seabass from artificial challenges. Taken together, these results provide fundamental knowledge for vaccine development against <jats:italic>Phdd<\/jats:italic> infection in Asian seabass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,29]],"date-time":"2024-07-29T05:11:30Z","timestamp":1722229890000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Characterization of <i>Photobacterium damselae<\/i> subsp. <i>damselae<\/i> isolated from diseased Asian seabass (<i>Lates calcarifer<\/i>) and the preliminary development of a formalin\u2010killed cell vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Warisara","family":"Weawsawang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science Kasetsart University  Bangkok Thailand"},{"name":"Kasetsart Vaccines and Biologics Innovation Centre  Bangkok 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