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In this study, we report on the first mass mortality event associated with <jats:italic>Glugea<\/jats:italic> sp. infecting free\u2010ranging round sardinella <jats:italic>Sardinella aurita<\/jats:italic> in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy). Here, we describe the ultrastructure of mature spores of this microsporidian and characterize it molecularly, as well as report its phylogenetic position. Most of the affected fish showed an irregular swelling of its abdomen. At necropsy, a variable number of xenomas, spherical to ellipsoidal in shape, were found in the peritoneal cavity strongly attached to the viscera of all fish. Histological analysis revealed varying severity of chronic inflammation along with occasional necrosis in visceral organs associated with multiple xenoma proliferation. These pathological findings were considered the main cause of this mass mortality event. Morphologically, the present material was closely related to <jats:italic>G. sardinellesis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>G. thunni<\/jats:italic>. The phylogenetically closest taxa to the newly SSU rDNA sequence were <jats:italic>G. thunni<\/jats:italic> and an erroneusly identified\u00a0 <jats:italic>G. plecoglossi<\/jats:italic>, which were very closely related to each other, also suggesting that all these sequences might belong to the same species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13995","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T08:33:52Z","timestamp":1719909232000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mass mortality event of round sardinella <i>Sardinella aurita<\/i> Valenciennes associated with <i>Glugea<\/i> Th\u00e9lohan, 1891 microsporidian infection off the southern Italian coast"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1395-0278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Verdejo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia  Paterna Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7134-8416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Occhibove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Marine Ecology Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn  Naples Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7683-5053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara degli","family":"Uberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno  Portici Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4029-2792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco E.","family":"Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Zoology Unit, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia  Paterna Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6483-3103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Marine Ecology Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn  Naples Italy"},{"name":"NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center  Palermo Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ultrastructure and phylogeny of Glugea nagelia n. sp. 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