{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:27:23Z","timestamp":1791833243908,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018941","name":"Landbrugsstyrelsen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018941","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>A novel video\u2010based real\u2010time system based on AI (artificial intelligence) was developed to detect clinical signs in fish exposed to pathogens. We selected a White Spot Disease model involving rainbow trout as the experimental animal and the parasitic ciliate <jats:italic>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis<\/jats:italic> as a pathogen. We compared two identical fish tank systems: one tank was infected by co\u2010habitation, whereas the other tank was kept non\u2010infected (sham infection). The two fish tanks were separately video monitored (full top and side view) during the course of infection, during which fish were removed whenever they developed clinical signs (direct visual inspection by the observer). Image analysis (object detection, classification and tracking) was used to track behavioural changes in fish (in every recorded video frame), focusing on movement patterns and spatial localisation. Initially, the two fish groups (infected and non\u2010infected) exhibited similar behaviour and non\u2010infected fish did not change behaviour during the 15\u2009d observation period (from 5\u2009d before infection until 10\u2009dpi). At 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10\u2009dpi some infected fish showed clinical signs (equilibrium disturbance, gasping and lethargy) and were removed from the experiment. Anorexia occurred from 5\u2009dpi and a gradual progression of gasping behaviour was noted, whereas the frequency of fish flashing (rubbing\/scratching against objects) was low. Equilibrium disturbances and the development of white spots in the skin appeared to be a much later (8\u201310\u2009dpi at this temperature) indicator of infection. The video analysis showed a general distribution of non\u2010infected fish in all parts of the fish tank during the entire experiment, whereas infected fish already at 4\u20135\u2009dpi moved towards higher water currents in the top and bottom positions. This change of fish positioning within the tank appeared as a promising early indicator of infection. The study suggests that continuous monitoring of fish behaviour using AI can potentially optimise the timing of humane endpoints, indicate disease signs earlier and thereby improve animal welfare in both animal experimentation and in aquaculture settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.14027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T14:55:07Z","timestamp":1727708107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["<scp>AI<\/scp>\u2010Driven Realtime Monitoring of Early Indicators for <i>Ichthyophthirius multifiliis<\/i> Infection of Rainbow Trout"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Rikke","family":"Bonnichsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Technological Institute  Taastrup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn Gunner Brink","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Technological Institute  Taastrup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeppe Seidelin","family":"Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Technological Institute  Taastrup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorte","family":"Schr\u00f8der\u2010Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danish Technological Institute  Taastrup Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2747-237X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kurt","family":"Buchmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences University of Copenhagen  Frederiksberg C Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12601"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"Brostr\u00f6m M.2023.\u201cBoxMOT: Pluggable SOTA Tracking Modules for Object Detection Segmentation and Pose Estimation Models (Version 10.0.57) [Computer Software].\u201dhttps:\/\/zenodo.org\/record\/7629840."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"An Introduction to Fish Parasitological Methods\u2014Classical and Molecular Techniques","author":"Buchmann K.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Fish Parasites\u2014Handbook of Protocols for Their Isolation, Culture and Transmission","author":"Buchmann K.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(01)00487-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao J. 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