{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:45:43Z","timestamp":1787507143401,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nodular gill disease (NGD) is a serious proliferative gill condition that affects farmed salmonids, particularly in Europe. While the cause of NGD remains unknown (and maybe multifactorial), various amoebae are often isolated from the gills of affected fish and can in some cases be seen associated with lesions by histopathology. The present study aimed to quantify the abundance of different amoeba species directly from the gills of rainbow trout affected by NGD and healthy controls. An 18S rRNA amplicon metagenomic approach was employed to profile the diversity and abundance of micro\u2010eukaryotes (including amoebae) while suppressing the amplification of host DNA using a salmonid\u2010specific C3 spacer blocking primer. The 18S rRNA metagenomics approach identified a diversity of micro\u2010eukaryotes on the gills of rainbow trout, including the phylum's\n                    <jats:italic>Amoebozoa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Diatomea<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Platyhelminthes<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Ciliophora<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Rainbow trout clinically affected by NGD had a significantly higher abundance of a specific sequence (zOTU2) classified as\n                    <jats:italic>Vannella<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. compared to healthy controls. A quantitative PCR assay was then developed and validated which accurately quantified the abundance of this\n                    <jats:italic>Vannella<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. sequence from a NGD outbreak in a Swiss rainbow trout farm. Additional PCR and Sanger sequencing analysis of the zOTU2 sequence demonstrated that this sequence is most likely derived from\n                    <jats:italic>Vannella mustalahtiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our study highlights the potential role of\n                    <jats:italic>Vannella mustalahtiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    in NGD in Switzerland and further describes a specific and validated diagnostic PCR assay for accurate detection of this\n                    <jats:italic>Vannella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.14061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T02:30:51Z","timestamp":1733452251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["18S rRNA Metagenomic Analysis of Nodular Gill Disease in Swiss Rainbow Trout (\n                    <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6846-757X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James W.","family":"Wynne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Agriculture and Food  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9904-493X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chloe J.","family":"English","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment The University of Queensland  Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4050-8941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania M.","family":"Vannetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"},{"name":"Fishdoc GmbH  Rain Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6268-0414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Rigby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Agriculture and Food  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3061-4428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra R.","family":"Quezada\u2010Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Agriculture and Food  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Kn\u00fcsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fishdoc GmbH  Rain Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nautilus Collaboration  Lucaston Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2628-4454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heike","family":"Schmidt\u2010Posthaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Agardh C. 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