{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:31:32Z","timestamp":1789605092710,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Largely unpredictable, gelatinous plankton blooms are a growing concern for the ever\u2010expanding mariculture industry. Recently, a bloom of a colonial hydrozoan known as <jats:italic>Apolemia<\/jats:italic> sp. was detected via a citizen\u2010science initiative, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/nye.dugnadforhavet.no\">Nye.dugnadforhavet.no<\/jats:ext-link>, in mid\u2010Norway in July 2023. By November 2023, the bloom spanned the entire 2500\u2009km Norwegian coast, adversely impacting the aquaculture industry nationwide. This report describes the clinical presentation and pathology on farmed Atlantic salmon (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Salmo salar<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content>) caused by an unprecedented bloom of <jats:italic>Apolemia<\/jats:italic> sp. at the Austevoll station of the Institute of Marine Research in Norway. Shortly after the <jats:italic>Apolemia<\/jats:italic> sp. arrived, many fish showed impaired swimming capacity and erratic behaviour. Over the following days, several fish displayed wounds on their eyes and skin, while daily mortality in some cages exceeded 17%. Histopathological analyses on moribund fish revealed acute gill damage and secondary complications, including necrosis and bacterial infections, in addition to ongoing amoebic gill disease (AGD). Blood biomarker profiles indicated severe physiological stress and organ dysfunction. Ultimately, all affected fish on site were euthanized due to welfare concerns, as was also the case for several other Norwegian salmon farms. This underscores the necessity for enhanced monitoring and mitigation strategies to protect farmed fish from such harmful events. The events of 2023 in Norway highlight the vulnerability of aquaculture to gelatinous plankton blooms and the necessity for research and innovation to develop effective monitoring and management practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.14118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T12:27:09Z","timestamp":1743596829000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinical Presentation and Pathological Effects of a Hydrozoan Bloom on Farmed Atlantic Salmon"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2849-5813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelico","family":"Madaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Animal Welfare Institute of Marine Research  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3398-6940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Sandlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Pathogen Transmission and Disease Institute of Marine Research  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina M. W.","family":"Oldham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Animal Welfare Institute of Marine Research  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole","family":"Folkedal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Animal Welfare Institute of Marine Research  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonatan","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Animal Welfare Institute of Marine Research  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars Helge","family":"Stien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group Animal Welfare Institute of Marine Research  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coemr.2022.100356"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00364827.1998.10413673"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22034\/ijab.v8i2.880"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/aei00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018529"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07368"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"141","volume-title":"Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates\u2014Progress in Asexual Reproduction","author":"Boero F.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"213","volume-title":"Explaining Ocean Warming: Causes, Scale, Effects and Consequences","author":"Boero F.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpol.2016.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2020.1806201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154239"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icesjms\/fsaa254"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259\u2010005\u20103684\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2010.11.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/fbn052"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-0722-1_16"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Risk report Norwegian fish farming 2024\u2013Production mortality in farmed fish and environmental effects of Norwegian fish farming","volume":"2024","author":"Grefsrud E. 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