{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T05:16:10Z","timestamp":1783919770413,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#am"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0201\u201088888\u2010003\u2010000D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0201\u201088888\u2010003\u2010000D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0201\u201088888\u2010002\u2010000D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0201\u201088888\u2010002\u2010000D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6066\u201031320\u2010006\u201002S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6066\u201031320\u2010006\u201002S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Lancefield serological group C\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus dysgalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (GCSD) is an emerging cause of fish disease worldwide, largely associated with mariculture in Asia. In the United States (US), GCSD had been a pathogen of minimal concern for fish, but recent cases indicate a putative emergence in wild and cultured freshwater fish populations in the Americas. The current study discusses three novel cases of GCSD\u2010associated streptococcosis in US farm\u2010raised channel catfish (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Ictalurus punctatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) occurring in Mississippi, US, in 2022 and 2023. Infected fish presented with pendulous abdomens, red swollen vents, and petechiae on the mouth, fins and ventral lateral abdomen. Clinical isolates were cultured from the kidney and brain and initially confirmed as GCSD by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, followed by phylogenetic analyses using the superoxide dismutase gene (\n                    <jats:italic>sod<\/jats:italic>\n                    A), 16S\/23S internal transcribed spacer region and nine genes within a multilocus sequence analysis scheme for piscine pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Catfish GCSD were highly homologous to fish strains from published reports from Asia and South America, forming a discrete phylogenetic clade, separate from human and other terrestrial animal isolates. Pairwise genomic comparisons suggest this fish\u2010associated group does not belong to any currently recognised subspecies and may represent a unique subtype. The broadening host and geographic range of GCSD, coupled with the evidence of a discrete aquatic lineage and recent reports from freshwater fishes in the southeastern US, suggest GCSD is a potential emergent threat to catfish aquaculture in the US.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.14166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T02:15:35Z","timestamp":1750126535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["<i>Streptococcus dysgalactiae<\/i>\n                    From Farm\u2010Raised Channel Catfish in Mississippi, USA, With Notes on Fish\u2010Associated Group C\n                    <i>S. dysgalactiae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7214-5116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sujita","family":"Balami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University  Stoneville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lester H.","family":"Khoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University  Stoneville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7007-5815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlin E.","family":"Older","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture  Stoneville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey C.","family":"Waldbieser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture  Stoneville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6783-1509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alvin C.","family":"Camus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia  Athens Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor I.","family":"Heckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Aquaculture College of Forest Resources, Mississippi State University  Stoneville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia C.","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University  Stoneville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley M.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture  Stoneville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Hawke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University  Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Porras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6054-9634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine &amp; Epidemiology School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig A.","family":"Shoemaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture  Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark L.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University  Starkville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann E. (Beth)","family":"Peterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University  Starkville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Peterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University  Starkville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry A.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University  Starkville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7920-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matt J.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University  Stoneville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.739206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574\u20106968.2009.01828.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2013.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/javar.2022.i573"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20102836(05)80360\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4056\/sigs.531120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01701"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800030090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.015644\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.37.12.4194\u20104197.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/H07\u2010024.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596\u2010022\u201000747\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000495"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.4.840\u2010862.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty149"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022172400063865"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr1178"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558\u20105646.1985.tb00420.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713\u201033\u20102\u2010404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9781780647784.0190"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9781789243277.0235"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aah.10138"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9309(04)80016-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03521"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396\u2010023\u201001463\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05900\u201011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2019.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.215087.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13657305.2024.2319083"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aah.10207"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2021.126293"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.57.4.571"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727\u201038\u20109900"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-007-9320-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae268"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03084"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13211"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102105\u201014\u201060"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab902b"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1944\u20103277\u20109\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","unstructured":"National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) Agricultural Statistics Board United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). ISSN: 1948\u2010271X.2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102761.2010.01220.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1348\u20100421.12716"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472\u2010765X.2007.02272.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102761.2004.00591.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102761.2006.00763.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty633"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","volume-title":"Medical Microbiology","author":"Patterson M. J.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2021.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/naaq.10090"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.003838"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2010.11.1.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12141784"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00970\u201017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microb.2024.100116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq706"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592\u2010022\u201001539\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64810\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48045\/001c.38695"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9781780647784.0298"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201011306\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evr006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040752"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw569"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12289"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.10.3638\u20103648.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713\u201046\u20103\u2010774"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2022.101024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112963"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2022.101408"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9309(04)80017-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2014.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2009.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","unstructured":"Yanong R. P. E. andR.Francis\u2010Floyd.2013.\u201cStreptococcal Infections of Fish. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. IFAS University of Florida.\u201d1\u20135."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2019.e00513"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/am-pdf\/10.1111\/jfd.14166","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jfd.14166","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T05:14:15Z","timestamp":1764393255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jfd.14166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jfd.14166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfd.14166","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-7775","1365-2761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-7775","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e14166"}}