{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:18:55Z","timestamp":1789708735737,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756080000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Poor gill health compromises the health and welfare of farmed Atlantic salmon (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Salmo salar<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) by causing respiratory distress and increased ventilation frequency. Poor gill health is caused by numerous factors, including amoebic gill disease (AGD), jellyfish stings, and toxic algae, and is monitored by fish farmers by manual \u2018gill scoring\u2019. Gill scoring involves visual inspection of gill surfaces for visible lesions, such as white mucoid patches. In commercial salmon farming, these patches are commonly associated with AGD, a major cause of poor gill health. Manual monitoring of gills is labour\u2010intensive, costly, and stressful for fish. This study tested a non\u2010invasive computer vision approach to detect the association between the gross gill score and fish ventilation rates in commercial farms. We hypothesised that increased ventilation rates of farmed Atlantic salmon were associated with a higher gross gill score. The computer vision model first detected fish heads and classified their mouth states (open or closed) using a convolutional neural network, followed by a tracking\u2010by\u2010detection method to estimate ventilation rates by calculating the frequency with which fish opened and closed their mouths. Ventilation rates were estimated from 240 videos recorded at Tasmanian salmon farms and analysed alongside gross gill score, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and fish weight. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a positive association between ventilation rates and gross gill score, although the observed change in ventilation rates was relatively small. As laboratory diagnostic methods did not confirm AGD in this study, the gross gill scores should be interpreted primarily as indicators of gill health, acknowledging that they may also reflect signs consistent with AGD. While the tested computer vision method cannot serve as a diagnostic tool, it may assist the industry in identifying health and welfare issues that require further examination. This approach provides a non\u2010invasive way to oversee health and welfare, enhances management practices, and guides manual health assessments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T05:35:39Z","timestamp":1756186539000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Computer Vision Detects an Association Between Gross Gill Score and Ventilation Rates in Farmed Atlantic Salmon (\n                    <i>Salmo salar<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0407-9361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quynh Le Khanh","family":"Vo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Science, Australian Rivers Institute Griffith University  Gold Coast Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre  Launceston Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kylie A.","family":"Pitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Science, Australian Rivers Institute Griffith University  Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tassal Group  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blair","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tassal Group  Hobart Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-8875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"Folkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Science, Australian Rivers Institute Griffith University  Gold Coast Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Blue Economy Cooperative Research Centre  Launceston Tasmania Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Adams M.2003.\u201cPathology of Amoebic Gill Disease in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salarL.).\u201dDoctoral dissertation University of Tasmania UTAS Research Repository.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25959\/23235557.v1."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102761.2004.00526.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102761.2003.00496.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13060393"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12601"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105654"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.73.1.119"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2010.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0044\u20108486(89)90099\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102761.1999.00175.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","unstructured":"CSIRO.2021.\u201cReducing Impact of Atlantic Salmon Gill Disease.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.csiro.au\/en\/research\/animals\/breeding\/salmon\u2010gill\u2010disease\u2010agd."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2012.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2017.00061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2022.107404"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","unstructured":"FAO.2023.\u201cSalmon \u2013 Main Producers See Record\u2010Breaking Exports.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.fao.org\/in\u2010action\/globefish\/news\u2010events\/news\/news\u2010detail\/Salmon\u2010\u2010\u2010Main\u2010producers\u2010see\u2010record\u2010breaking\u2010exports\/en."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folkman L. Q. L. K.Vo K. A.Pitt C.Johnston andB.Stantic.2025.\u201cA Computer Vision Method to Estimate Ventilation Rate of Atlantic Salmon in Sea Fish Farms.\u201darXiv:2504.19719.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2504.19719.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2025.102645"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222926"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes7060345"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044\u20108486(02)00508\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2018.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2022.102246"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01982313"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u2010185x.1973.tb01009.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095\u20108649.1979.tb03520.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/cox066"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.702783"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2021.102928"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","first-page":"103","volume-title":"The Zebrafish in Biomedical Research: Biology, Husbandry, Diseases, and Research Applications","author":"Jonz M. 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F.Nowak.2013.\u201cAtlantic Salmon Aquaculture Subprogram: The Effects of AGD on Gill Function \u2013 Use of a Perfused Gill Model (FRDC Project No. 2011\/069).\u201dUniversity of Tasmania.https:\/\/www.utas.edu.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0009\/905760\/2011\u2010069\u2010DLD\u2010AGD.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2021.102222"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2023.1162384"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499\u2010023\u201001297\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12766"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","unstructured":"Mertz N.2020.\u201ceDNA Metabarcoding of Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD) Pathogens Exposes Potential Vectors and Reservoirs.\u201dMaster's dissertation UiT Norges arktiske universitet. 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