{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T18:57:46Z","timestamp":1789844266334,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["113\u20102313\u2010B\u2010020\u2010001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113\u20102313\u2010B\u2010020\u2010001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Mariculture, a significant component of the maritime industry that focuses on marine food production, faces challenges in maintaining productivity during bacterial disease outbreaks, particularly in high\u2010value aquaculture such as the four\u2010finger threadfin fish in Taiwan. Streptococcosis, caused by\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus iniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , is a major contributor to the mortality of the four\u2010finger threadfin (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Eleutheronema tetradactylum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ). Recurrent streptococcosis outbreaks have highlighted the pressing need for highly effective vaccination strategies. Given its safety, environmental friendliness, and protective effects, vaccination is widely acknowledged as an effective means of preventing aquatic diseases. An innovative approach involves using biofilm\u2010forming\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S. iniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    as vaccine candidates for aquaculture. This study presents an effective approach for developing a biofilm\u2010based vaccine by cultivating\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S. iniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    on chitosan particles, facilitating robust biofilm formation and enhancing immune responses in four\u2010finger threadfin fish. For comparison, a formalin\u2010killed cell (FKC) vaccine, prepared from whole\u2010cell\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S. iniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , was evaluated. Immune responses were examined in the blood, mucus, and gut lavage from both the vaccinated and control groups. These responses include immune\u2010related gene expression, antibody titers, and lysozyme activity. At 30\u2009days post\u2010vaccination, the biofilm vaccine group exhibited elevated antibody titers, with values of 0.23\u2009\u00b1\u20090.02 in serum, 0.09\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01 in mucus, and 0.16\u2009\u00b1\u20090.01 in gut lavage. Following vaccination, both the FKC and biofilm vaccines significantly upregulated the expression of key proinflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1, interleukin [IL]\u201010, IL\u201012) in the spleen and kidney, indicating robust activation of the innate immune response. However, the biofilm vaccine induced markedly higher expression of these cytokines, highlighting its stronger stimulation of innate immune responses. These results suggest that the biofilm\u2010based formulation stimulates early immune signalling pathways that are critical for protection against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S. iniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infection. In the challenge experiments, the relative percent survival was of 22.85% for the biofilm and 42.8% for the FKC vaccine groups. This study demonstrates that while both FKC and biofilm vaccines activated innate and adaptive immunity, the FKC vaccine provided higher protection (RPS 42.8% vs. 22.85%), indicating that strong immunogenicity does not always translate into effective protection and that oral vaccine strategies require further refinement. Further optimisation of oral vaccine formulations is required to improve the protective efficacy of biofilm\u2010based vaccines in aquaculture.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T11:42:58Z","timestamp":1758886978000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of Oral Biofilm and Killed Cell Vaccines Against\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Streptococcus iniae<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    in Four\u2010Finger Threadfin Fish (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Eleutheronema tetradactylum<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ): Immune Response and Protection Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1379-9267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre","family":"Giovanni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5142-985X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yin\u2010Ze","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Biotechnology College of Agriculture, National Chiayi University  Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7986-1625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei\u2010Chi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5258-1076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ming\u2010An","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2885-9370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih\u2010Chu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"},{"name":"General Research Service Centre National Pingtung University of Science and Technology  Pingtung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/fsim.1998.0206"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1512.090232"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IMMUNI.2008.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222010932"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","first-page":"106","article-title":"Growth Performance, Palatability and Water Stability of Oral Feed\u2010Based Vaccines Against Streptococcus Agalactiae in Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.)","volume":"2","author":"Esfandiari K. 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