{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:35:32Z","timestamp":1788381332166,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001774","name":"University of Sydney","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) is a significant threat to global aquatic food security by causing large\u2010scale mortality in the aquaculture of tilapia (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Oreochromis niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and mandarin fish (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Siniperca chuatsi<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ). ISKNV is a genogroup of\n                    <jats:italic>Megalocytivirus pagrus1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , along with RSIV and TRBIV, and their recent listing as WOAH\u2010notifiable diseases highlights the need to assess spread pathways to prevent exotic pathogen incursions. An albino rainbow shark (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Epalzeorhynchos frenatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) challenge model was used to evaluate the risk of ISKNV introduction from the trade in frozen seafood products by determining viability after freezing and the median infectious dose (ID\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Six donor fish were injected with ISKNV with tissues collected after clinical signs appeared and used immediately or stored at \u221220\u00b0C for 7\u2009days. Challenge inocula were prepared consisting of snout, eyes, and brain (Pool A; representative of head\u2010on eviscerated fish products), caudal skin and muscle (Pool B; representative of skin\u2010on fillet only products) or peritoneal viscera (Pool C; positive control group). Fish were challenged by bath immersion or intraperitoneal injection and sampled for ISKNV detection by qPCR at morbidity\/death, or on Day 14. Negative control fish all survived without detection of ISKNV. All tissue pools including \u2018skin\u2010on fillet only\u2019 caused infection and disease via IP injection or immersion, whether used fresh or frozen, showing ISKNV remains infectious after 7\u2009days at \u221220\u00b0C. The model estimated an ID\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of 42 ISKNV genome equivalents (95% CI: 19\u201398). This study is the first to investigate the potential for ISKNV spread via frozen fish products, a commodity frequently traded in international markets. The findings provide evidence to inform import risk assessments and highlight the need for further investigation into spread pathways involving uncooked, frozen fish products.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T09:53:37Z","timestamp":1763718817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Risk of Spread of\n                    <i>Megalocytivirus pagrus1<\/i>\n                    (Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus) From Frozen Fillets"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4749-4004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joy A.","family":"Becker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life and Environmental Sciences The University of Sydney  Camden New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6821-2232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M.","family":"Hick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute NSW Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development  Menangle New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6160-2377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorothea","family":"Megarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Siler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3319-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Pierezan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9577-773X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shannon N.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2752-4467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuttichantran","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740330"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2024.103393"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Barroso R. 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