{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T19:00:02Z","timestamp":1775502002175,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Yellowfin tuna (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Thunnus albacares<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) is a valuable recreational and commercial species in Grenada and the Caribbean region. Myxozoans, specifically the monotypic Kudoidae family within the Order Multivalvulida, are marine parasitic organisms that can negatively impact fish health and marketability. On 8 September 2023, muscle fillets from a yellowfin tuna caught off the coast of Grenada and containing numerous white nodules were submitted for diagnostic evaluation. Gross examination of the muscle showed firm, spherical to ovoid, white polysporous cysts approx. 0.8\u20131.3\u2009mm in diameter and approx. 10\u201320 cysts per 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092\u2009cm section of muscle. Cysts were sharply excised and assessed by wet mount cytology revealing a myriad of quadrate myxosporean parasites consistent with the genus\n                    <jats:italic>Kudoa<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Histopathologic examination demonstrated numerous, intracytoplasmic plasmodia with thick hyaline walls containing intact and necrotic myxospores. Parasites present outside of plasmodia were associated with myoliquifaction of the tissue. The case isolate was morphologically consistent with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>K. thunni<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and the partial 18S small subunit rDNA (SSU) and 28S large subunit rDNA (LSU) demonstrated high homology (SSU: 99.8%\u2013100%; LSU: 99.5%\u2013100%) to several\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>K. thunni<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    isolates, including those isolated from blackfin tuna (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. atlanticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) harvested near the Caribbean islands of St. Kitts and Nevis. This is the first report of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>K. thunni<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    infecting yellowfin tuna in the Caribbean region and expands the epidemiologic, pathologic, and molecular record for this parasite.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T06:11:45Z","timestamp":1765347105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pathologic Description and Genetic Characterisation of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Kudoa thunni<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    From Yellowfin Tuna (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Thunnus albacares<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ) in the Caribbean Sea"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7858-331X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noor\u2010Ul","family":"Huda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine St. George's University  Grenada West Indies"},{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi USA"},{"name":"Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center Mississippi State University  Stoneville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magali","family":"Duran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine St. George's University  Grenada West Indies"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonnel","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine St. George's University  Grenada West Indies"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Ware","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi USA"},{"name":"Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center Mississippi State University  Stoneville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olando","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries Division Ministry of Sport, Culture and the Arts, Fisheries, and Cooperatives  Grenada West Indies"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7920-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matt J.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi USA"},{"name":"Thad Cochran National Warmwater Aquaculture Center, Delta Research and Extension Center Mississippi State University  Stoneville Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Marancik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine St. George's University  Grenada West Indies"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010016\u20104918\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20102836(05)80360\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284453"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2009.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE\u2010161R"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010021\u201007206\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991557"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2011.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005002071"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2017004"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"534","article-title":"Annual Monitoring of Reproductive Traits of Female Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean","volume":"72","author":"Diaha N. C.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Collective Volume of Scientific Papers, ICCAT"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11230\u2010013\u20109461\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102148\u20105\u201019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558\u20105646.1985.tb00420.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102148\u201010\u2010228"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.2022.\u201cSustaining the Tuna Value Chain in Grenada.\u201dFAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean.https:\/\/www.fao.org\/americas\/news\/news\u2010detail\/Sustaining\u2010the\u2010Tuna\u2010Value\u2010Chain\u2010in\u2010Grenada\/en."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2007.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010022\u201007575\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/12\u2010142.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11230\u2010012\u20109400\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z97\u2010846"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2413191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2021.102536"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102761.2006.00770.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295668"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","unstructured":"International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas.2023.\u201cICCAT Report for Biennial Period 2022\u20132023 Part II (2023).\u201dICCAT.https:\/\/www.iccat.int\/Documents\/BienRep\/REP_EN_22\u201023\u2010II\u20102.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","first-page":"268","article-title":"A New Myxosporidian (Sporozoa) Infecting the Spanish Mackerel","volume":"17","author":"Iversen E. S.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bulletin of Marine Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1038"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010016\u20105369\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir1040"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550\u20107408.2001.tb00173.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2017014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010013\u20103357\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2006.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283506"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010010\u20102133\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2010.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao037185"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010019\u201006415\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2019.00398"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201043163\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040454"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588\u2010024\u201000220\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/PHD.22034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr\u20102021\u2010246111"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040752"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550\u20107408.2003.tb00120.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE\u2010153R"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03663"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.08.074"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jfd.70094","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jfd.70094","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jfd.70094","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T08:36:27Z","timestamp":1775464587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jfd.70094"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jfd.70094"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfd.70094","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-7775","1365-2761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-7775","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-08-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70094"}}