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While abiotic drivers, particularly temperature, have received considerable attention in recent years due to global climate change, the role of biotic factors remains comparatively underexplored. The malacosporean parasite\n                    <jats:italic>Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Tb<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), which causes proliferative kidney disease in salmonids, is a well\u2010documented example, where elevated temperature and eutrophication have been shown to intensify disease prevalence and severity. In this study, we investigated whether freshwater sponges, known for their particle\u2010filtering capabilities, can graze on malacosporean spores in the aquatic environment, potentially acting as biotic filters that may influence parasite transmission dynamics. Using an experimental setup, we employed environmental DNA sampling to (1) characterise the short\u2010term release of\n                    <jats:italic>Tb<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores from infected 1+ brown trout (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Salmo trutta<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and (2) assess the ability of freshwater sponge (\n                    <jats:italic>Ephydatia muelleri<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) to remove\n                    <jats:italic>Tb<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores from water and function as a bio\u2010sampler. Our results show that sponges significantly reduced\n                    <jats:italic>Tb<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA concentrations in water. However, their effectiveness as bio\u2010samplers and concentrators of\n                    <jats:italic>Tb<\/jats:italic>\n                    was limited, likely due to the rapid degradation of ingested\n                    <jats:italic>Tb<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA. These results suggest that freshwater sponges may function as natural biological controllers of\n                    <jats:italic>Tb<\/jats:italic>\n                    by filter feeding on its infectious planktonic stages in natural environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T05:41:46Z","timestamp":1765604506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Rapid Clearance of\n                    <i>Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae<\/i>\n                    Spores by Freshwater Sponge\n                    <i>Ephydatia muelleri<\/i>\n                    : Potential Implications for Controlling Proliferative Kidney Disease in Salmonids"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Lauri","family":"Saks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences  Tartu Estonia"},{"name":"Estonian Marine Institute University of Tartu  Tartu Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9653-8291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilian","family":"Pukk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences  Tartu Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siim","family":"Kahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences  Tartu Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4480-1825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"Lauringson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences  Tartu Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2184-5534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anti","family":"Vasem\u00e4gi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences  Tartu Estonia"},{"name":"Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences  Drottningholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02768"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14020140"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15743"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182009005800"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102435.1270"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00027\u2010002\u20108053\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755\u20100998.13677"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174148"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Tetracapsula bryosalmonae n.sp. for PKX Organism, the Cause of PKD in Salmonid Fish","volume":"19","author":"Canning E. 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