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In this study, single oral administration of baicalin at 12\u2009mg\/kg was carried out in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>O. niloticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    under 32\u00b0C. Then, samples of plasma, kidney, bile, muscle, liver and brain were collected at various time intervals up to 96\u2009h. A high\u2010performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for baicalin quantification assay in each sample and subjected to non\u2010compartmental analysis. Results showed that baicalin was rapidly absorbed following oral administration. A double\u2010peak phenomenon was observed in tilapia plasma. The first (\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and the second (\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) peaks were 46.828\u2009\u03bcg\/mL at 1\u2009h and 17.069\u2009\u03bcg\/mL at 4\u2009h, respectively. The elimination half\u2010life (\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and the volume of distribution (\n                    <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>d<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were 26.654\u2009h and 0.462\u2009L\/kg, respectively. A double\u2010peak phenomenon was also observed in kidney and liver. The\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max2<\/jats:sub>\n                    in kidney were 66.981\u2009\u03bcg\/g at 2\u2009h and 85.577\u2009\u03bcg\/g at 8\u2009h, respectively, and in liver were 34.147\u2009\u03bcg\/g at 2\u2009h and 39.971\u2009\u03bcg\/g at 8\u2009h. While a single peak was observed in brain and bile, their\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    s were 29.787\u2009\u03bcg\/g at 8\u2009h and 63.038\u2009\u03bcg\/g at 12\u2009h, respectively. Notably, the triple\u2010peak phenomenon was observed in muscle and the\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max2<\/jats:sub>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max3<\/jats:sub>\n                    were 55.771\u2009\u03bcg\/g at 1\u2009h, 23.603\u2009\u03bcg\/g at 4\u2009h, 25.488\u2009\u03bcg\/g at 12\u2009h and 30.192\u2009\u03bcg\/g at 48\u2009h. The\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub>\n                    of baicalin in kidney, liver, brain and bile were 57.273, 38.169, 38.169, 8.315 and 72.705\u2009h, respectively. In plasma, liver, kidney, brain, muscle and bile, the area under the concentration\u2013time curve from 0 to 96\u2009h relative to the half maximal inhibitory concentration against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus agalactiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u03b2\u2010hemolysin\/cytolysin (AUC\n                    <jats:sub>0\u201396\u2009h<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of baicalin were 132.755, 443.169, 731.920, 66.283, 452.864 and 540.540\u2009h, respectively; the peak concentration to IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ratio (\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) in plasma, liver, kidney, brain, muscle and bile were 8.688, 7.416, 15.877, 5.526, 10.347 and 11.695, respectively; the concentration remained above the IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u2009IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    )for over 96\u2009h in all tissues examined, with the exception of the brain (27.205\u2009h). These results provide a scientific basis for the application of baicalin in the prevention and control of tilapia bacterial diseases, especially tilapia streptococcosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T10:15:03Z","timestamp":1766657703000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of Baicalin Following Single Oral Administration in Tilapia (\n                    <i>Oreochromis niloticus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Long\u2010Xun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Fisheries, Hainan University, School of Marine Biology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Marine Science and Technology  Haikou Hainan 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