{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T16:00:05Z","timestamp":1781193605986,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) is the causative agent of viral nervous necrosis, otherwise known as viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in larval and juvenile marine fish worldwide. The pandemic outbreaks have caused nearly 100% mortality in hatcheries, leading to significant economic losses in the aquaculture industry. Since NNV attacks the insufficient immune competence fish at early developmental stages, there is an urgent need for effective antiviral drugs. Several nucleoside analogues, including Molnupiravir, have been developed to target viral RNA\u2010dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). This study examines the antiviral activity of Molnupiravir against NNV isolated from giant grouper (GG),\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Epinephelus lanceolatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (Bloch), using grouper brain (GB) cells as an infection model. The inhibition concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) of Molnupiravir on GGNNV propagation in GB cells was determined as 1.87\u2009\u03bcM. Surprisingly, the titre of GGNNV reduced 50,000 at 100\u2009\u03bcM of Molnupiravir treatment at 4\u2010day post\u2010infection, whereas treatment with 200\u2009\u03bcM of Molnupiravir resulted in a 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    reduction in viral titre. The inhibition of viral replication and translation was further examined using RNA\u2010fluorescence in\u00a0situ hybridization (FISH) and immunocytochemistry detection, respectively. Moreover, administration of 100\u2009\u03bcM Molnupiravir at early time 0 hpi resulted in a dramatic decrease in viral load, reducing cell\u2010associated virus by approximately 4000\u2010fold and released virus by 6000\u2010fold. Finally, the molecular docking simulation model supports the interaction between NHC\u2010TP and GGNNV RdRp for the successful therapeutics. These results demonstrated that Molnupiravir is a very effective therapeutic drug for controlling viral nervous necrosis caused by NNV infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T11:24:11Z","timestamp":1768217051000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molnupiravir: A Prodrug of the Ribonucleoside \u03b2\u2010D\u2010N4\u2010Hydroxycytidine Triphosphate Inhibits the Propagation of Nervous Necrosis Virus in Grouper Brain Cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Chen\u2010Kung","family":"Chi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Engineering, Fu\u2010Jen Catholic University  New Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica  Taipei 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