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Kaempferol is a flavonoid compound extracted from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Illicium verum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    Hook.f. (star anise), a material that is both edible and used in traditional medicine. In this study, we evaluated the antiviral effects of kaempferol against SGIV in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo, and elucidated the antiviral mechanism. Our study found that kaempferol could effectively resist SGIV infection in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo. Kaempferol might destroy the SGIV envelope and interfere with the attachment, invasion, and replication stages of SGIV infection. Transcriptomic analysis showed that differentially expressed genes regulated by kaempferol were enriched in ribosome, NF\u2010\u03baB, and phospholipase D signalling pathways. Further screening of immunity\u2010related genes and pathway analysis revealed that antiviral immune responses were mainly governed by the JAK\u2013STAT, PI3K\u2010Akt, and TNF signalling pathways. This study demonstrated that kaempferol exhibited significant antiviral effects against SGIV through multiple mechanisms and had the potential to become an anti\u2010SGIV fishery drug. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of effective drugs for the prevention and treatment of SGIV.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T06:20:48Z","timestamp":1775629248000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigating the Antiviral Mechanism of Kaempferol Against Grouper Iridovirus: Combined Evaluation of In\u00a0Vitro Activity and In\u00a0Vivo Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Nijia","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation of Guangxi Universities, College of Animal Science and Technology Guangxi University  Nanning P.R. China"},{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology  Nanning P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology  Nanning P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieying","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology  Nanning P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Indigenous Valuable Fish Reproductive Regulation and Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Fisheries College Guangdong Ocean University  Zhanjiang P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengzhao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology  Nanning P.R. China"},{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Indigenous Valuable Fish Reproductive Regulation and Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Fisheries College Guangdong Ocean University  Zhanjiang P.R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology Guangxi Minzu University  Nanning P.R. 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