{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:53:44Z","timestamp":1785772424668,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["24K17950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24K17950"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptocaryon irritans<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an obligate parasitic ciliate and the causative agent of cryptocaryoniasis. This parasite is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical marine waters, and numerous outbreaks in aquaculture have been reported worldwide. Previous studies have documented variations in biological traits, such as cell size, serotype and environmental conditions for infection, including salinity and temperature, suggesting considerable intraspecific diversity. Molecular and serological variations have been reported in Japan; however, the extent of biological diversity remains unclear. Understanding this variation is critical because it may influence experimental outcomes and control strategies. In this study,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C.\u2009irritans<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    was collected from three geographically proximate coastal sites in Japan, and clonal cultures were established. Biological characteristics\u2014including cell size, serotype, pathogenicity and development and infectivity under different salinity and temperature conditions\u2014were compared to assess intraspecific variation. Genetic diversity was also evaluated using phylogenetic analysis. Biological characteristics differed even among isolates from nearby sites, indicating the presence of biologically distinct populations within Japan. Moreover, phenotypic comparisons and phylogenetic analyses showed that distinct traits were observed not only between genetically distant isolates but also within the same group, underscoring high intraspecific diversity. These findings may contribute to guiding future research and developing effective control strategies for cryptocaryoniasis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T04:20:32Z","timestamp":1775103632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Intraspecific Variation in the Characteristics of\n                    <i>Cryptocaryon irritans<\/i>\n                    Isolated in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Hiromi","family":"Matsuoka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihide","family":"Iwatsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maho","family":"Kotake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Honryo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture Research Institute Kindai University  Higashimuro Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sho","family":"Shirakashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aquaculture Research Institute Kindai University  Nishimuro Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Itoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5878-3656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuho","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"284","volume-title":"Proceedings of the First International Congress on Protozoology","author":"Brown E. M.","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3283760"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-008-0993-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.1979.tb00146.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2017.04.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao001019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(87)90041-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018360323287"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000071420"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851990156.0116"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao025159"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao025159"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182008004617"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2012.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3147\/jsfp.51.103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","unstructured":"Kadohara M.2013.\u201cMonitoring of White Spot Disease and Development of a Measure to Predict the Occurrence of the Disease.\u201dNendo Kochiken Suisanshikenjyo Jigyohokokusho 109 97\u2013107. (in Japanese)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2012.02.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738166"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msae263"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12594"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12474"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2011.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"Enzootics in the New York Aquarium Caused by Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951 (= Ichthyophthirius marinus Sikama, 1961), a Histophagous Ciliate in the Skin, Eyes and Gills of Marine Fishes","volume":"51","author":"Nigrelli R. F.","year":"1966","journal-title":"Zoologica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009257011431"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.11.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"Preliminary Report on the White\u2010Spot Disease in Marine Fishes","volume":"7","author":"Sikama Y.","year":"1937","journal-title":"Suisan\u2010Gakukai\u2010Ho"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010006\u20100151\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12562-011-0362-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2020.101000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737641"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736657"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","first-page":"227","article-title":"Outbreak of Cryptocaryoniasis in Marine Aquaria at Scripps Institution of Oceanography","volume":"55","author":"Wilkie D. W.","year":"1969","journal-title":"California Fish and Game"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2021.108081"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao054147"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","unstructured":"Yoshinaga T.1998.\u201cPrevention and Control of Marine White Spot Disease Caused byCryptocaryon irritans.\u201dKaiyo Monthly Extra Issue No. 14 Kaiyo Shuppan Co. Tokyo 73\u201376. (in Japanese)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3147\/jsfp.36.231"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2011.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3147\/jsfp.32.229"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jfd.70177","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jfd.70177","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jfd.70177","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:58:31Z","timestamp":1785769111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jfd.70177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jfd.70177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfd.70177","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-7775","1365-2761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-7775","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70177"}}