{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:18:42Z","timestamp":1791839922298,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001627","name":"Marine Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CS\/21\/005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CS\/21\/005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIAPOS\/2024\/092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIAPOS\/2024\/092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FSE+"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FSE+"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ectoparasites that penetrate host skin can act as biological or mechanical vectors for pathogens and, in some cases, serve as reservoirs. Crustacean ectoparasites of fish are potential vectors of pathogens, which is especially relevant for obligate pathogens (e.g.,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Aeromonas salmonicida<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) with limited seawater survival. Sea lice (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Lepeophtheirus salmonis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), affecting Atlantic salmon, cause dermal damage and can facilitate secondary infections, resulting in economic losses. While the physical impact of sea lice is well known, their role in pathogen transmission is less clear. The gut bacterial microbiome of lice collected over four months from a salmon farm in Ireland was analysed using Illumina MiSeq and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) PromethION sequencing for comparison. Illumina and Nanopore sequencing identified 15 and 24 genera of known fish pathogens, respectively. Moreover, Nanopore data revealed up to 15 putative pathogenic species, including\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Tenacibaculum maritimum<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T. dicentrarchi<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio anguillarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , causative agents of tenacibaculosis and vibriosis. The results of this study provide a gut bacterial microbiome characterisation of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. salmonis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    in a commercial aquaculture setting and demonstrate the potential of sea lice to act as pathogen vectors or reservoirs. These findings have important implications for pathogen surveillance, management, and prevention strategies in salmon aquaculture.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T03:58:19Z","timestamp":1775707099000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sea Lice (\n                    <i>Lepeophtheirus salmonis<\/i>\n                    ) Harbour Putative Fish Pathogens: Insights From Illumina and Nanopore Sequencing"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9603-2012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Klimesova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Freshwater Research Centre Atlantic Technological University  Galway County Galway Ireland"},{"name":"Marine Institute  Oranmore County Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. M.","family":"Ruane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Institute  Oranmore County Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Domingo\u2010Bret\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Nutrigenomics and Integrative Biology Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC)  Ribera de Cabanes Castell\u00f3n Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Moroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Nutrigenomics and Integrative Biology Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC)  Ribera de Cabanes Castell\u00f3n Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0553-109X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Naya\u2010Catal\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Nutrigenomics and Integrative Biology Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC)  Ribera de Cabanes Castell\u00f3n Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2506-1523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"P\u00e9rez\u2010S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fish Nutrigenomics and Integrative Biology Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC)  Ribera de Cabanes Castell\u00f3n Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"O'Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Freshwater Research Centre Atlantic Technological University  Galway County Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Lyashevska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Freshwater Research Centre Atlantic Technological University  Galway County Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Rodger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PatoGen FHS Ltd.  Kinvara County Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Talbot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Freshwater Research Centre Atlantic Technological University  Galway County Galway Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"Allaire J. Y.Xie C.Dervieux et\u00a0al.2025.\u201crmarkdown: Dynamic Documents for R.\u201dR Package Version 2.30.https:\/\/github.com\/rstudio\/rmarkdown."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118445112.stat07841"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0911.030088"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ASTRAL: All Atlantic Ocean Sustainable ProfiTable and Resilient AquacuLture.2023.\u201cMonitoring of Microbial Diversity and Early Warning of Pathogens.\u201d1\u201394.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3030\/863034.","DOI":"10.3030\/863034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-32674-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12464"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao071255"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010009\u20101523\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209178"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13742\u2010016\u20100111\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866\u2010024\u201003208\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12521"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2010.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btac438"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.70078"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.978"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592\u2010022\u201001520\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102761.1986.tb01000.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780040112"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.margen.2019.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.10443.09762"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396\u2010018\u20100182\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad311"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312603"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","unstructured":"Edwards A. A. R.Debbonaire S. M.Nicholls et\u00a0al.2018.\u201cIn\u2010Field Metagenome and 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Nanopore Sequencing Robustly Characterize Glacier Microbiota.\u201dBioRvix 1\u201340.https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/073965v3.full."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522\u2010024\u201000634\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20103024.2007.00932.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201018180\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102109.2000.00511.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102761.2011.01279.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756\u20103305\u20102\u201058"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201059747\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.010317"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.68.11.5488\u20105497.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11091105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735160"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/ijm\/7563096"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Integrated Lice Management on Irish Salmon Farms","volume":"6","author":"Jackson D.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fish Veterinary Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02414"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao053025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738865"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"A Review of the Impact of Parasitic Copepods on Marine Aquaculture","volume":"43","author":"Johnson S. C.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zoological Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0167\u20107012(03)00025\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2015.40.2.172"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201018210\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2025.743568"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2280779"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735489"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfb.12025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2014.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btab705"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13158"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.08.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43465"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19707"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2013.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr507"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138967"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010198"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao016079"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12449"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102761.2010.01158.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201059771\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","first-page":"213","article-title":"Lepeophtheirus salmonis\n                   \u2013 A Possible Vector in the Spread of Diseases on Salmonids","volume":"11","author":"Nylund A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550\u20107408.2009.00451.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2013.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","unstructured":"\u00d8kland A. L.2012.\u201cThe Occurrence Pathology and Morphological Development ofParanucleospora theridionin Salmon Louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis).\u201dUniversity of Bergen.http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1956\/7161."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","unstructured":"Oksanen J. G.Simpson F.Blanchet et\u00a0al.2025.\u201cvegan: Community Ecology Package.\u201dR Package Version 2.8\u20100.https:\/\/vegandevs.github.io\/vegan\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12299"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","unstructured":"Oxford Nanopore Technologies PLC.2025.\u201cNanoporetech\/Dorado.\u201dhttps:\/\/github.com\/nanoporetech\/dorado\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102761.2009.01038.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.2024.\u201cR: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.\u201dR Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria.https:\/\/www.R\u2010project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Power Comparisons of Shapiro\u2010Wilk, Kolmogorov\u2010Smirnov, Lilliefors and Anderson\u2010Darling Tests","volume":"2","author":"Razali N. M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Modelling and Analytics"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","first-page":"300","article-title":"Insect Vectors Involving in Mechanical Transmission of Human Pathogens for Serious Diseases","volume":"1","author":"Sarwar M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102156\u201015\u201032"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14081650"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201036101\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3897\/mbmg.8.121817"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030804"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12061"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201041695\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102761.2012.01389.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044\u20108486(00)00309\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102109.2004.01101.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007831"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203\u2010024\u201003985\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00605\u201023"}],"container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jfd.70182","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jfd.70182","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jfd.70182","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:57:53Z","timestamp":1785769073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jfd.70182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jfd.70182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfd.70182","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-7775","1365-2761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-7775","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-25","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70182"}}