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Juvenile tilapias were fed diets supplemented with 0.1% or 0.2% \u03b2\u2010glucan for 14\u2009days prior to viral challenge. Fish were subsequently challenged with TiLV and immune\u2010related gene expression was analysed in spleen and liver tissues. Fish fed the 0.1% \u03b2\u2010glucan diet showed significantly lower cumulative mortality (26.67%) compared with the control group (55.56%) and the 0.2% group (42.22%). Dietary \u03b2\u2010glucan significantly influenced the expression of multiple immune\u2010related genes including cytolytic (\n                    <jats:italic>NCCRP\u20101<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), stress\u2010related gene (\n                    <jats:italic>Hsp70<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), antimicrobial protein (\n                    <jats:italic>C\u2010lysozyme<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), cytokine (\n                    <jats:italic>IL\u20108<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), pattern recognition receptors (\n                    <jats:italic>TLR3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>TLR5<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>TLR9<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), signalling adaptor (\n                    <jats:italic>myD88<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), antiviral effector (\n                    <jats:italic>Mx<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>RSAD\u20102<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), adaptive immunity (\n                    <jats:italic>IgM, CD4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Correlation heatmap and gene co\u2010expression network analyses revealed coordinated immune regulation, with\n                    <jats:italic>Mx<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>RSAD\u20102<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>CD4<\/jats:italic>\n                    acting as central hub genes associated with antiviral defence pathways. These results demonstrate that moderate dietary supplementation with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C. muelleri<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010derived \u03b2\u2010glucan enhances immune responses and improves resistance to TiLV infection in Nile tilapia, supporting its potential application as a functional feed additive in tilapia aquaculture.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T01:21:22Z","timestamp":1776129682000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary \u03b2\u2010Glucan From the Marine Diatom\n                    <i>Chaetoceros muelleri<\/i>\n                    Enhances Immune Responses and Resistance of Nile Tilapia to Tilapia Lake Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Sulaiman","family":"Madyod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aquaculture Technology and Innovation, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat Thailand"},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya  Nakhon Si Thammarat Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suwanna","family":"Pholmai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya  Nakhon Si Thammarat Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thitikorn","family":"Prombanchong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology Rajamangala University of Technology Srivijaya  Nakhon Si Thammarat Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patcharapon","family":"Laksana\u2010Aut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aquaculture Technology and Innovation, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sasimanas","family":"Unajak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science Kasetsart University  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikuo","family":"Hirono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Marine Science and Technology Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3862-4997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suwit","family":"Wuthisuthimethavee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Aquaculture Technology and Innovation, School of Agricultural Technology and Food Industry Walailak University  Nakhon Si Thammarat Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695\u2010018\u20100597\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13710"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2018.12.074"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","volume-title":"GIFT Transfer Risk Management: Pathogen. 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