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First observed in the Vermont portion of Lake Memphremagog, Vermont, USA and Quebec, Canada, the prevalence of melanistic lesions during 2014\u20132020 was greater than 30% in BBH 200\u2009mm and longer. In 2023, seven sites throughout the lake were assessed, and prevalence ranged from 18% to 42%. In Hermon Pond, Maine, the prevalence was 29% in 2024, and in Village Pond, New Hampshire, lesions occurred in 22% of BBH in 2025. Compared to skin from visibly normal BBH, skin with melanistic lesions had significantly higher concentrations of seven metals, including arsenic, a known carcinogen and zinc. Lesions associated with oxidative damage, such as the accumulation of ceroid\/lipofuscin, were also observed in the gill, spleen and kidney tissue of both affected and visibly normal BBH. The progression of lesions, observed by histopathology, ranged from inflammation, signs of oxidative damage, proliferation and necrosis of club cells, and the presence of melanomacrophages and melanocytes in the epidermis to invasive melanoma and suggests chronic exposure of BBH to environmental initiators and promoters of carcinogenesis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T04:10:32Z","timestamp":1778904632000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Melanoma and Other Melanistic Lesions in Brown Bullhead\n                    <i>Ameiurus nebulosus<\/i>\n                    From Waterbodies in the Northeastern United States and Canada: Identification of Risk Factors"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6647-9614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicki S.","family":"Blazer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center\u2010Leetown Research Laboratory  Kearneysville West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Emerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department  Montpelier Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Bodnar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department  Montpelier Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department  Montpelier Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife  Augusta Maine USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Pehrson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New Hampshire Fish and Game Department  Concord New Hampshire USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheyenne R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center\u2010Leetown Research Laboratory  Kearneysville West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3880-4584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle","family":"Cleveland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center  Columbia Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Vermont Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit University of Vermont  Burlington Vermont USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia M.","family":"Mazik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, West Virginia Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit West Virginia University  Morgantown West Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102761.2003.00485.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12477"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es026211g"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2020.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumann P. C. D. R.LeBlanc V.Blazer J. R.Meier S. T.Hurley andY.Kiryu.2008.Prevalence of Tumors in Brown Bullhead From Three Lakes in Southeastern Massachusetts 2002. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008\u20105198. USGS.","DOI":"10.3133\/sir20085198"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0380\u20101330(96)70946\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548\u20108659(1987)116<79:TFACCI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2012.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13988"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109523"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","unstructured":"Blazer V. S. D.Cleveland C. 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