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Therefore, effective control of vibriosis requires interventions that not only enhance host immune competence but also attenuate pathogen virulence. This study evaluated whether\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Pandanus tectorius<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    leaf extract (PLE) could protect farmed shrimp against vibriosis through a potentially dual mode of action: enhancing host immune responses and simultaneously suppressing virulence traits in the pathogen. To address this, germ\u2010free brine shrimp\n                    <jats:italic>Artemia<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio campbellii<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    were used as a host\u2010pathogen model system. Germ\u2010free\n                    <jats:italic>Artemia<\/jats:italic>\n                    were persistently exposed to PLE (0.2\u20133.0\u2009g\/L) and simultaneously challenged with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>V. campbellii<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009cells\/mL). Host immunomodulatory effects were assessed through the expression of immune\u2010related genes, whereas anti\u2010virulence activity was evaluated by measuring bacterial growth, motility, and extracellular enzyme production. Exposure to PLE at 0.2\u20130.8\u2009g\/L significantly enhanced the survival of challenged\n                    <jats:italic>Artemia<\/jats:italic>\n                    nauplii, resulting in survival rates exceeding 90%. This protection was associated with the upregulation of key immune\u2010related genes, including heat shock proteins (\n                    <jats:italic>Hsp70<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Hsp60<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), prophenoloxidase, transglutaminase, and high mobility group box\u20101. Results also showed that PLE at concentrations as low as 0.2\u2009g\/L exerted direct inhibitory effects on\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>V. campbellii<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , effectively reducing bacterial growth, swimming and swarming motility, and virulence\u2010associated enzymatic activities, including caseinase, lipase, and phospholipase. No adverse effects on\n                    <jats:italic>Artemia<\/jats:italic>\n                    survival were observed within the tested doses and exposure period. Overall, the findings suggest that PLE holds strong potential as a natural immunomodulatory and anti\u2010virulence agent for sustainable management of vibriosis in shrimp aquaculture.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T05:46:41Z","timestamp":1783057601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Pandanus tectorius<\/i>\n                    Leaf Extract Protects Gnotobiotic Brine Shrimp\n                    <i>Artemia franciscana<\/i>\n                    Against\n                    <i>Vibrio campbellii<\/i>\n                    Through Immunomodulation and Virulence Suppression"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Sarath Kumara","family":"Patabandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology (ICAMB) Universiti Malaysia Terengganu  Kuala Nerus Terengganu Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Livestock Production, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka  Belihuloya Sri Lanka"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6551-2603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cher Chien","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology (ICAMB) Universiti Malaysia Terengganu  Kuala Nerus Terengganu Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6854-6446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yosie","family":"Andriani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology (ICAMB) Universiti Malaysia Terengganu  Kuala Nerus 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