{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:15:59Z","timestamp":1790075759866,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003338","name":"Bundesamt f\u00fcr Umwelt","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["06.0121.PZ\/504C1E164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["06.0121.PZ\/504C1E164"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD) is a severe parasitic disease of salmonids caused by the malacosporean endoparasite\n                    <jats:italic>Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In the fish intermediate host, the parasite is disseminated via the circulatory system and ultimately reaches the kidney, where it matures before releasing infective spores into the environment through urine. Disease severity in salmonids is strongly temperature dependent, with prolonged exposure to temperatures above 15\u00b0C promoting parasite proliferation and pathology. We hypothesised that non\u2010salmonid fish species better adapted to warmer conditions may serve as additional intermediate or reservoir hosts in the parasite life cycle. In a controlled laboratory infection experiment, minnow (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Phoxinus phoxinus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) were exposed to infectious malacospores released from\n                    <jats:italic>T. bryosalmonae<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010infected bryozoans, the final host in the parasite cycle. Infection was confirmed by Sanger and Nanopore deep amplicon sequencing, and spore excretion in urine was demonstrated by eDNA. Notably, minnow showed no renal pathology and no mortality. These findings expand the recognised host range of\n                    <jats:italic>T. bryosalmonae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and suggest that minnow may contribute to parasite persistence in river systems, particularly under warming conditions that extend the transmission season and increase infection pressure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T14:46:21Z","timestamp":1782657981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Challenging Host Specificity: Malacosporean Parasite Dynamics\u2014\n                    <i>Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae<\/i>\n                    Beyond Salmonids\u2014An Infection Experiment"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8142-1812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"M\u00f6ckli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Diserens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Delalay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0475-717X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gast\u00f3n","family":"Mor\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heike","family":"Schmidt\u2010Posthaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01203"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7100397"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.78.1.33\u201040.1959"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"18S rDNA Sequences Indicate That PKX Organism Parasitizes Bryozoa","volume":"19","author":"Anderson C. L.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Animal Protection Ordinance (AniWO, SR 455.1) of 23 April 2008","author":"Animal Protection Ordinance","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2019.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009005800"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao01989"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365\u20102435.12701"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550\u20107408.2000.tb00075.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550\u20107408.2002.tb00371.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1713691114"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102761.2002.00362.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.119.12.305"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh340"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095\u20108649.2010.02762.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959\u20108030(92)90071\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102761.2002.00393.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165\u20107836(93)90006\u2010S"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102761.1979.tb00161.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coz063"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1374"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Co\u2010Infections and Multiple Stressors in Fish","volume":"40","author":"Gorgoglione B.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095\u20108649.2010.02566.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991429"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02236"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2014.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010003\u20100986\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959\u20108030(93)90039\u2010E"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182003003767"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14558"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","unstructured":"Kassambara A. M.Kosinski andP.Biecek.2026.\u201cSurvminer: Drawing Survival Curves using \u2018ggplot2\u2019.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=survminer."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550\u20107408.1985.tb03047.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548\u20108667(1998)010<0012:RDSAOI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2022.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010015\u20104425\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","first-page":"146","article-title":"First Identification of PKX in Bryozoans From the United Kingdom \u2013 Molecular Evidence","volume":"19","author":"Longshaw M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","first-page":"151","article-title":"Occurrence of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae in the Kidney of Smolts of Atlantic Salmon (\n                     Salmo salar\n                  ) and Sea Trout (\n                     S. trutta\n                  )","volume":"31","author":"Mo T. A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102761.2002.00398.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsh.11000"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03744"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000246"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/0022\u20103395(2001)087[0379:POOARS]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102427.2010.02465.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915\u2010026\u201002554\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016001931"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","unstructured":"Pedersen T. L.2025.\u201cpatchwork: The Composer of Plots.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=patchwork."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2026"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13585"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060681"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00281"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308779"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6543"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02417"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02580"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13375"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567\u2010023\u201001185\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008153420"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/edn3.501"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao01846"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182017001482"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9010016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","unstructured":"Therneau T. M.2026.\u201cSurvival: Survival Analysis.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010roject.org\/package=survival."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3294-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03126"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095\u20108649.2008.02054.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","unstructured":"Wickham H. andJ.Bryan.2025.\u201creadxl: Read Excel Files.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=readxl."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","unstructured":"Wickham H. W.Chang andL.Henry.2026.\u201cggplot2: Create Elegant Data Visualisations Using the Grammar of Graphics.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=ggplot2."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","unstructured":"Wickham H. R.Fran\u00e7ois L.Henry K.M\u00fcller andD.Vaughan.2026.\u201cdplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=dplyr."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","unstructured":"Wickham H. D.Vaughan andM.Girlich.2025.\u201ctidyr: Tidy Messy Data.\u201dhttps:\/\/CRAN.R\u2010project.org\/package=tidyr."}],"container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jfd.70233","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jfd.70233","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jfd.70233","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T14:46:30Z","timestamp":1782657990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jfd.70233"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jfd.70233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfd.70233","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0140-7775","1365-2761"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0140-7775","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2761","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-28","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70233"}}