{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T10:00:22Z","timestamp":1784973622406,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#88887.078833\/2024\u201000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#88887.078833\/2024\u201000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#303822\/2022\u20108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#303822\/2022\u20108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Apteronotus albifrons<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae), commonly known as the black ghost knifefish, is a high\u2010value ornamental fish that is susceptible to various parasites. The affected fish were wild\u2010caught fisheries and subsequently introduced into a commercial breeding system. Among parasitic diseases, subcutaneous infections with putative dracunculoid nematodes are rarely documented in ornamental fish, and their management may be particularly challenging in wild\u2010caught specimens introduced into breeding systems. This study aimed to describe an outbreak of subcutaneous helminthiasis in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>A.\u2009albifrons<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , morphologically characterise the parasites and report the clinical outcome of\n                    <jats:italic>off\u2010label<\/jats:italic>\n                    treatment attempts. Affected fish presented with cutaneous nodules, oral expulsion of worms and reduced reproductive performance. Necropsy and morphological analysis revealed subcutaneous nematodes with features compatible with dracunculoid nematodes; however, genus\u2010level identification was not confirmed because no male specimens were recovered and molecular analyses were not performed. Following\n                    <jats:italic>off\u2010label<\/jats:italic>\n                    oral treatment and post\u2010treatment monitoring, clinical improvement was recorded, and no detectable parasites were observed during the 4\u2010week monitoring period. The findings highlight the importance of accurate parasite identification, cautious interpretation of treatment outcomes and the need for controlled studies to validate safe and effective treatments for subcutaneous nematode infections in ornamental fish.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T09:01:00Z","timestamp":1784970060000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnosis and\n                    <i>Off\u2010Label<\/i>\n                    Treatment of Subcutaneous Putative Dracunculoid Nematodes in\n                    <i>Apteronotus albifrons<\/i>\n                    Originating From Wild\u2010Caught Fisheries"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8387-0121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Henrique Magalh\u00e3es","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"de Carvalho Balian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9887-5408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Herbert Sousa","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9675-3132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Bahia","family":"Labruna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0363-2620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gracienhe Gomes","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AQUOS \u2010 Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department UFSC  Florian\u00f3polis Santa Catarina Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Blanchard Gir\u00e3o Ribeiro","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tanganyika Fish Farm Trade Import and Export LTDA\u2010ME  Aquiraz Cear\u00e1 Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0862-6927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio Later\u00e7a","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AQUOS \u2010 Aquatic Organisms Health Laboratory, Aquaculture Department UFSC  Florian\u00f3polis Santa Catarina Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11121457"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8110249"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2016.06.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14192148"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12302\u2010021\u201000509\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1519\u20106984.270067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15121811"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","first-page":"199","volume-title":"M\u00e9todos de Estudo e T\u00e9cnicas Laboratoriais em Parasitologia de Peixes","author":"Eiras J. 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FishBase.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.fishbase.se\/summary\/Apteronotus\u2010albifrons.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639\u2010011\u20100052\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12952"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010012\u20103007\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Conceitos e M\u00e9todos Para a Forma\u00e7\u00e3o de Profissionais em Laborat\u00f3rios de Sa\u00fade","author":"Knoff M.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2025.101153"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13789"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2004.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984\u201029612022057"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118786758","volume-title":"Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment","author":"Noga E. 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