{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:51:17Z","timestamp":1791521477393,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Fish Diseases"],"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n It is well established that ectoparasite infection can increase the pathogenicity of, and host susceptibility to, bacterial infections in fish, including rainbow trout; however, no interaction between the ectoparasite\n Gyrodactylus<\/jats:italic>\n and the bacterium\n \n Lactococcus garvieae<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n has previously been documented. This study presents the first report of a severe natural co\u2010infection of\n \n Gyrodactylus lenoki<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n \n Lactococcus garvieae<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n in farmed rainbow trout in Vietnam, with mortality rates ranging from 25% to 43% within 4 to 5\u2009days of the first recognised pathogen\u2010associated fish mortality. The identity of both pathogens was established using morphological characterisation, sequencing, and PCR assays, providing clear evidence of dual infection under natural conditions. Molecular (COI) data initially suggested homology with\n \n Gyrodactylus salaris<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , a notifiable pathogen of major regulatory concern that has not previously been recorded outside Europe, but size\u2010invariant morphological analysis of the marginal hook sickles confirmed the parasite as\n \n G. lenoki<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , demonstrating that COI barcode data alone can be misleading for regulatory\u2010critical species identification within this genus. Experimental challenge trials demonstrated that while\n \n G. lenoki<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n exhibits low virulence toward rainbow trout on its own, it significantly exacerbates the severity of\n \n L. garvieae<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n infection, leading to higher mortality (approximately 25% mortality in fish infected with\n \n L. garvieae<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n alone, rising to up to 45% in co\u2010infected fish, with mortality occurring earlier in co\u2010infected groups). Notably, the population dynamics of the ectoparasite varied across experimental groups, with a strong correlation (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.97) observed between host mortality and\n \n G. lenoki<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n infection levels. These findings underscore the critical role of ectoparasitic infections in increasing rainbow trout susceptibility to bacterial invasion and highlight the diagnostic risks of relying on molecular barcoding alone when regulatory\u2010notifiable pathogens are suspected.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T04:42:57Z","timestamp":1791520977000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["First Report of Natural Co\u2010Infection by\n \n Gyrodactylus lenoki<\/i>\n <\/scp>\n and\n \n Lactococcus garvieae<\/i>\n <\/scp>\n in Farmed Rainbow Trout (\n \n Oncorhynchus mykiss<\/i>\n <\/scp>\n ): Field and Experimental Evidence for Parasite\u2010Enhanced Mortality, With a\n COI<\/scp>\n \u2013Morphology Species Discordance"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-849X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Truong Dinh","family":"Hoai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries Vietnam National University of Agriculture Hanoi Vietnam"},{"name":"Center of Excellence and Innovation Vietnam National University of Agriculture Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8958-7411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nguyen Duy","family":"Trieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries Vietnam National University of Agriculture Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2600-0984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doan Thi","family":"Nhinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries Vietnam National University of Agriculture Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9486-4481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dang Thi","family":"Hoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Fisheries Vietnam National University of Agriculture Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6073-9702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nguyen Thi Huong","family":"Giang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Vietnam National University of Agriculture Hanoi Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5487-7607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Shinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INVE Aquaculture (Thailand) Nonthaburi Thailand"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Fish Infectious Diseases (CE FID), Faculty of Veterinary Science Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/are.14538"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"World Fisheries and Aquaculture","author":"Action S.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-32674-0","volume-title":"Bacterial Fish Pathogens: Disease of Farmed and Wild Fish","author":"Austin B.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"The First Occurrence of Lactococcosis in Farmed Trout in England","author":"Bark S.","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"Barskaya J. 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