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With the expansion of pufferfish farming, the economic losses caused by bacterial diseases are becoming increasingly serious. Among them, ulcerative fin disease is one of the typical diseases. In this study, dominant strains were isolated from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. flavidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    suffering from ulcerative fin disease, and artificial infection experiments were conducted using these strains. The dominant strains were identified by colony morphology, physiological and biochemical identification, drug sensitivity test and genome sequencing. The pathological damage and apoptosis of fins, liver, spleen, intestine, stomach and gills were systematically analysed by microscopic observation, transmission electron microscope observation and TUNEL detection. Two dominant strains were identified as\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Vibrio anguillarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (16E1\u20104) and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Rahnella aquatilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (LB1\u20101). Artificial infection tests showed that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>V. anguillarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    was more pathogenic than\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>R. aquatilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . The median lethal dose (LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) for 16E1\u20104 was 1.11\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009CFU\/g (body weight), and the LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    for LB1\u20101 was 4.58\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009CFU\/g. The LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of co\u2010infection with strains 16E1\u20104 and LB1\u20101 was 5.27\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009CFU\/g. Histopathology showed that co\u2010infection caused serious damage to the fins, liver, spleen, intestines, stomach and gills of the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. flavidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . TUNEL assay showed that co\u2010infection induced apoptosis in these organs. The results not only provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of bacterial diseases in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>T. flavidus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    culture, but also provide a reference for the prevention and control of similar diseases in other fish.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:42:07Z","timestamp":1791380527000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathogenicity Analysis of Co\u2010Infection by\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Vibrio anguillarum<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Rahnella aquatilis<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Causing Ulcerative Fin Disease in Tawny Puffer (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Takifugu flavidus<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    ): Pathogen Isolation, Histopathology and Apoptosis Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Chenxiao","family":"Xi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University  Lianyungang Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University  Lianyungang Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guodong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University  Lianyungang Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lejiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University  Lianyungang Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baiyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University  Lianyungang Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University  Lianyungang Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Long","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University  Lianyungang Jiangsu China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources and Breeding Jiangsu Ocean University  Lianyungang Jiangsu China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology Jiangsu Ocean University  Lianyungang Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7298-1093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinghong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science and Fisheries, Jiangsu Ocean University  Lianyungang Jiangsu China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources and Breeding Jiangsu Ocean University  Lianyungang Jiangsu China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology Jiangsu Ocean University  Lianyungang Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102761.2003.00485.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40850\u2010025\u201000223\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22034\/ijab.v12i6.2302"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.16377\/j.cnki.issn1007\u20107731.2023.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0966\u2010842x(00)88906\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022\u20102011(75)90102\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","unstructured":"Chen J. 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