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SAV can survive in all water types, being the longest in colder marine waters without organic loading. The biophysical properties of SAV indicate a moderate to high robustness. The virus is shed from infected salmon in at least faeces and mucus. There is reduced viral shedding in SAV vaccinates compared to unvaccinated fish. Individual heart or mid\u2010kidney sampling is the fish tissues recommended for screening via RT\u2010qPCR. SAV can be detected in filtered farm water samples earlier than in monthly fish farm samples. However, detection in water does not necessarily mean that fish will become infected. Genomic surveillance in SAV outbreaks is recommended. Inactivated SAV vaccines have been reported to reduce the number of PD outbreaks, reduce mortalities in a PD outbreak, and reduce the percentage of discarded fish at harvest. DNA\u2010based vaccines have also shown good efficacy in terms of growth and mortality in natural PD outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.70301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:52:37Z","timestamp":1791377557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Review of Salmonid Alphavirus: Focus on Viral Survival, Shedding, Detection and Effects of Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5336-8912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamish","family":"Rodger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PatoGen AS  \u00c5lesund Norway"},{"name":"Vet\u2010Aqua International  Kinvara Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth Midtb\u00f8","family":"Vik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PatoGen AS  \u00c5lesund Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrikke Nyborg","family":"Formo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PatoGen AS  \u00c5lesund Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5655-2974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Grove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Research  Bergen Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9536-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Britt Bang","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DTU Aqua  Kongens Lyngby Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.737944"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-007-1006-1","article-title":"Tissue Tropism of Salmonid Alphaviruses (Subtypes SAV1 and SAV3) in Experimentally Challenged Atlantic Salmon (\n                     Salmo salar\n                   L.)","volume":"152","author":"Andersen L.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-198","article-title":"No Influence of Oxygen Levels on the Pathogenesis and Virus Shedding in Salmonid Alphavirus (SAV)\u2010Challenged Atlantic Salmon (\n                     Salmo salar\n                   L.)","volume":"7","author":"Andersen L.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2013\/861912"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Concentration and Detection of Salmonid Alphavirus in Seawater During a Post\u2010Smolt Salmon (\n                     Salmo salar\n                  ) Cohabitant Challenge","volume":"144","author":"Bernhardt L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03618","article-title":"Early Detection of Salmonid Alphavirus in Seawater From Marine Farm Sites of Atlantic Salmon \n                     Salmo salar","volume":"146","author":"Bernhardt L.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12644"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.8327"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Ellis J. andT.Chen.2026.\u201cProximity\u2010Based PD Risk Insights in Norwegian Salmon Production Areas 3 and 4.\u201dPresentation at Trination 2026 Conference Belfast."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.05591\u201011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102761.2008.00944.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00740"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201034464\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2012.01427.x","article-title":"Detection of Salmon Pancreas Disease Virus in the Faeces and Mucus of Atlantic Salmon, \n                     Salmo salar\n                   L., by Real\u2010Time RT\u2010PCR and Cell Culture Following Experimental Challenge","volume":"35","author":"Graham D. 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