{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T22:08:41Z","timestamp":1791151721363,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]],"date-time":"2013-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n \n With no report on the overall prevalence and ramifications of hepatitis\n D<\/jats:styled-content>\n elta virus (\n HDV<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) infection in the\n U<\/jats:styled-content>\n nited\n S<\/jats:styled-content>\n tates for more than two decades, the characteristics of chronic hepatitis\n B<\/jats:styled-content>\n virus (\n CHB<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) patients coinfected with\n HDV<\/jats:styled-content>\n , including clinical presentation, rate of hepatitis\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n virus tri\u2010infection, and\n HDV<\/jats:styled-content>\n viral load, were assessed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n At\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n alifornia\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n acific\n M<\/jats:styled-content>\n edical\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n enter, a retrospective chart review was conducted on all\n CHB<\/jats:styled-content>\n patients.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Of 1191\n CHB<\/jats:styled-content>\n patients, 499 had been tested for\n HDV<\/jats:styled-content>\n , with 42 (8%) determined to be coinfected; half of these were also hepatitis\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n virus\u2010infected. Cirrhosis was present in 73% of the coinfected, 80% of the tri\u2010infected, but only 22% of the monoinfected. Twenty\u2010nine patients (69%) were\n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n aucasian non\u2010\n H<\/jats:styled-content>\n ispanic; 10 (24%) were\n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n sians and\n P<\/jats:styled-content>\n acific\n I<\/jats:styled-content>\n slanders. Of 39 patients for whom\n HBV\u2010DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n quantification at time of\n HDV<\/jats:styled-content>\n presentation was available, 22 (56%) had undetectable levels; four (10%) had levels >\u2009100\u2009000\u2009\n IU<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/m\n L<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n HDV<\/jats:styled-content>\n affects individuals of all ages and various ethnic groups. Although\n HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\n viral loads are lower, rates of cirrhosis are higher in coinfected patients and higher still in the tri\u2010infected. Our data support revising screening guidelines to advocate for all patients with\n HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\n to be screened for\n HDV<\/jats:styled-content>\n in order to both give the individual patient important information related to the possible need for treatment and to support the public health goal of reducing transmission by educating\n HDV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010negative patients about the need for protection against superinfection and\n HDV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010infected patients about the need to protect against transmission to others.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]],"date-time":"2013-04-11T06:44:01Z","timestamp":1365662641000},"page":"1521-1525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Coinfection with hepatitis\n B<\/scp>\n and\n D<\/scp>\n : Epidemiology, prevalence and disease in patients in\n N<\/scp>\n orthern\n C<\/scp>\n alifornia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Robert G","family":"Gish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hepatology Division of GI Department of Medicine University of California, San Diego San Diego California USA"},{"name":"Center for Hepatobiliary Disease and Abdominal Transplantation University of California, San Diego San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debbie Hana","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Presbyterian Emergency Medicine Residency New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Mangahas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Pacific Medical Center San Francisco California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumbella","family":"Baqai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alameda County Medical Center Oakland California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A","family":"Winters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Proudfoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Translational Research Institute Department of Biostatistics University of California, San Diego San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S","family":"Glenn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072406"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1993.tb00649.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114092"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114917","article-title":"Experience with human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus infections in Los Angeles, 1977\u20131985","volume":"127","author":"De Cock KM","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. 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