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However, rapid clearance of antigen with early treatment of primary infection may result in reduced or poorly sustained cellular immunity. This study longitudinally examined T<\/jats:styled-content>h1 and T<\/jats:styled-content>h2 hepatitis C<\/jats:styled-content> virus (HCV<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010specific cytokine production and T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell effector function from subjects enrolled in the A<\/jats:styled-content>ustralian T<\/jats:styled-content>rial in A<\/jats:styled-content>cute H<\/jats:styled-content>epatitis C<\/jats:styled-content> comparing three groups: treatment\u2010induced clearance (sustained virological response [SVR<\/jats:styled-content>]), treatment non\u2010response, and untreated spontaneous clearance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell responses were characterized by HCV<\/jats:styled-content> peptide ELIS<\/jats:styled-content>pot, in vitro<\/jats:italic> cytokine production, and T<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010cell flow cytometry assays.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Treated subjects with a sustained virological response (SVR<\/jats:styled-content>) displayed a better maintenance of HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific T<\/jats:styled-content>h1 responses compared to treatment non\u2010responders (higher interferon [IFN<\/jats:styled-content>]\u2010\u03b3 and interleukin (IL<\/jats:styled-content>)\u20102 magnitude at week 24, broader IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 responses at weeks 24 and 48, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.05) and significantly increased IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 responses between screening and week 48 (magnitude P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.026, breadth P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009). Treatment\u2010induced viral clearance was also associated with a trend toward decreased IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201010 responses (screening to week 48, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.070), higher expression of CD<\/jats:styled-content>45RO<\/jats:styled-content> (P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.042) and CD<\/jats:styled-content>38 (P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.088) on CD<\/jats:styled-content>4+<\/jats:sup> T<\/jats:styled-content> cells, and higher IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3R<\/jats:styled-content> expression (CD<\/jats:styled-content>56+<\/jats:sup>IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3R<\/jats:styled-content>+<\/jats:sup> P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.033) compared to treatment non\u2010responders. Untreated subjects with viral clearance also displayed high magnitude and broad HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 and IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u20102 responses early in infection; however, IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 responses were not as well maintained compared to treated subjects with a SVR<\/jats:styled-content> (week 48 magnitude, breadth P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.064).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>Treatment\u2010induced viral clearance of recent HCV<\/jats:styled-content> infection is associated with maintenance of HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010specific Th1 responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,10]],"date-time":"2013-05-10T15:46:37Z","timestamp":1368200797000},"page":"1770-1781","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Maintenance of 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