{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:26:21Z","timestamp":1791307581141,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,19]],"date-time":"2013-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1384819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAFLD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) is considered to be a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAFLD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    has become an important public health issue because of its high prevalence.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAFLD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    consists of two clinicopathological entities: simple steatosis, which generally follows a benign non\u2010progressive clinical course, and non\u2010alcoholic steatohepatitis (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NASH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), which may progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The diagnosis of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAFLD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    is based on the following three criteria: non\u2010alcoholic, detection of steatosis either by imaging or by histology, and appropriate exclusion of other liver diseases. Alcoholic liver disease can occur when daily alcohol consumption exceeds 20\u2009g in women or 30\u2009g in men. Thus, non\u2010alcoholic indicates lower levels of these alcohol consumptions. However, there is still no clear consensus regarding the threshold alcohol consumption for defining non\u2010alcoholic liver disease. Then, there is the strong recommendation for a change in the nomenclature, such as use of the term metabolic fatty liver and metabolic steatohepatitis.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NASH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    has emerged as a clinicopathological entity, and even now, a liver biopsy remains the gold standard for making a definitive diagnosis. However, liver biopsy has several drawbacks. In general practice,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAFLD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    is a convenient\u2010to\u2010use term for the diagnosis and management of these patients, and serum biomarkers that indicate the severity of fibrosis serve as clinically useful tools for the identification of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAFLD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    in patients with bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis. In the future, improved understanding of the pathogenesis of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NASH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and new technologies may contribute to the diagnostic process and provide reliable, non\u2010invasive alternatives to liver biopsy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,20]],"date-time":"2013-11-20T00:21:47Z","timestamp":1384906907000},"page":"64-70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":227,"title":["Characteristics and diagnosis of\n                    <scp>NAFLD<\/scp>\n                    \/\n                    <scp>NASH<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Etsuko","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Tokyo Women's Medical University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makiko","family":"Taniai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Tokyo Women's Medical University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsutoshi","family":"Tokushige","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Tokyo Women's Medical University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"434","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease","volume":"55","author":"Ludwig J","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. 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