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However, the key adipocytokines independently associated with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAFLD<\/jats:styled-content>have not been identified, and we aimed to investigate them.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was conducted on a consecutive series of 210<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">T<\/jats:styled-content>aiwanese<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAFLD<\/jats:styled-content>patients and 420 sex\u2010 and age\u2010matched controls. Fatty liver was diagnosed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The enrolled subjects' body mass indexes, homeostasis model of assessment\u2010insulin resistance, uric acid, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high\u2010density lipoprotein, low\u2010density lipoprotein, blood pressure, metabolic syndrome (yes\/no), alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase\u2010to\u2010platelet ratio indexes, leptin, adiponectin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor\u20101 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAI<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101) levels were analyzed to determine their association with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAFLD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Univariate analysis showed that all of the aforementioned factors were associated with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAFLD<\/jats:styled-content>, whereas multivariate analysis revealed that only<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAI<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 (odds ratio: 1.39,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.039) was independently associated with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAFLD<\/jats:styled-content>. Subgroup analysis showed that females consistently had higher leptin (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and adiponectin (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) levels than males, whereas their<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAI<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 levels were similar. Males with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAFLD<\/jats:styled-content>had higher leptin but lower adiponectin levels than their subgroup counterparts (all<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Among the female subgroups, hyperleptinemia and hypoadiponectinemia were only observed in the<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAFLD<\/jats:styled-content>patients \u2265\u200945 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAI<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 is independently associated with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAFLD<\/jats:styled-content>after adjusting for other factors, including leptin and adiponectin. Male and female<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAFLD<\/jats:styled-content>patients show distinct patterns of leptin and adiponectin alterations; special attention is required when evaluating these alterations in female<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NAFLD<\/jats:styled-content>patients &lt;\u200945 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,5]],"date-time":"2014-08-05T11:00:23Z","timestamp":1407236423000},"page":"329-336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Plasminogen activator inhibitor\u20101 is independently associated with non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease whereas leptin and adiponectin vary between genders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Ming\u2010Ling","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Centre and Division of Hepatology Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen\u2010Ming","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Centre and Division of Hepatology Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeng\u2010Hwei","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou Chang Gung University College of Medicine Taoyuan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yung\u2010Kuan","family":"Tsou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Centre and Division of Hepatology Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu\u2010Chun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Centre and Division of Hepatology Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuen\u2010Shian","family":"Shiau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Centre and Division of Hepatology Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chau\u2010Ting","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Centre and Division of Hepatology Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences College of Medicine Chang Gung University Taoyuan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng\u2010Tang","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Research Centre and Division of Hepatology Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra011775"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0186"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2003.50004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000165803.47776.38"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161210791208929"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.669"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1233530"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23593"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-123-9-199511010-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.075"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0303"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.930114","article-title":"The role of leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"50","author":"Janeckova R","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. 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