{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T21:36:09Z","timestamp":1785188169130,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,18]],"date-time":"2014-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1418860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint Programmed of the Medical Faculty of Norwegian University of Science and Technology"},{"name":"St. Olav's University Hospital, Liaison Committee between the Central Norway Regional Health Authority and NTNU"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recently reported that topical application of acetic acid promptly caused tumor necrosis in a mouse model of gastric cancer. The aim of the present study was to examine whether acetic acid can directly induce cancer cell death.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rat gastric epithelial cell line (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RGM<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101), rat gastric carcinoma cell line (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RGK<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101), human gastric cancer cell line (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KATO III<\/jats:styled-content>), and human mesothelioma cell lines (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MESO<\/jats:styled-content>1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSTO<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010211<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>) were used. Acetic acid was added into the cell culture at different concentrations for different time periods. Cell death was analyzed by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MTT<\/jats:styled-content> assay, flow cytometry, and trypan blue exclusion test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acetic acid promptly induced the cell death of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RGM<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RGK<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 cells, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KATO III<\/jats:styled-content> cells in a concentration\u2010dependent manner from 0.01% to 0.5%. Acetic acid at 0.5% for 1\u2009min induced the cell death by 80%. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RGK<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 cells were more sensitive to acetic acid than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RGM<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010l cells. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">KATO III<\/jats:styled-content> cells were more sensitive to acetic acid than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RGK<\/jats:styled-content>\u20101 cells. Acetic acid at 0.5% for 10\u2009min induced almost complete cell death of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ACC<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MESO<\/jats:styled-content>1 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MSTO<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010211<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acetic acid is a powerful anticancer agent. Topical application of acetic acid may be a feasible approach for the treatments of gastric cancer and possibly other malignancies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,21]],"date-time":"2014-12-21T17:13:10Z","timestamp":1419181990000},"page":"65-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Acetic acid induces cell death: An <i>in vitro<\/i> study using normal rat gastric mucosal cell line and rat and human gastric cancer and mesothelioma cell lines"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Susumu","family":"Okabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Corporative Association Kyoto GI Disease Research Center  Kyoto Japan"},{"name":"Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Okamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancer Graduate School of Medicine Juntendo University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun\u2010Mei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine Norwegian University of Science and Technology  Trondheim Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Matsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology Comprehensive Human Sciences University of Tsukuba  Tsukuba Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.19.418"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02235252"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.28.1321"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"165","article-title":"Acetic acid ulcer model\u2010state of the art in 2010","volume":"17","author":"Okabe S","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. 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