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The sex disparity of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010related liver diseases has been noticed for a long time, which could be attributed to sex hormone effects, other than gender behaviors or environmental impact. This difference is experimentally confirmed in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>transgenic mice, as well as in immunocompetent mice receiving hydrodynamic delivery of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>. Androgen and estrogen pathways were identified to play opposite regulations of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>transcription by targeting viral enhancer<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">I<\/jats:styled-content>at molecular level. In addition to the direct effects on<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>life cycle, sex hormones may be also involved in the immune response to<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>infection and the progression of associated liver diseases, although the detailed mechanisms are still unclear. Besides, several unaddressed issues such as<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>entry, micro<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content>profiles, viral integration, and adaptability in which androgen and estrogen axes might be involved are warranted to be delineated. The comprehensive understanding of the sex disparity in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>virology and pathogenesis will be helpful to provide newly biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and develop novel drugs to manage<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010related<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCC<\/jats:styled-content>patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,24]],"date-time":"2015-02-24T10:44:31Z","timestamp":1424774671000},"page":"1237-1245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":135,"title":["Gender disparity in chronic hepatitis<scp>B<\/scp>: Mechanisms of sex hormones"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Sheng\u2010Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei\u2010Jer","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"NTU Center for Genomic Medicine National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiou\u2010Hwei","family":"Yeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"NTU Center for Genomic Medicine National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06165.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.061"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djp288"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.1.51-68.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.12.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i33.5446"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i41.6995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2010.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19991001)86:7<1143::AID-CNCR7>3.0.CO;2-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840030611"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20771"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22884"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dji043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10559"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-012-0335-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2014.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.84.5.1187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.9.4069-4073.1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.1.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199309000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.69.10.6158-6169.1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(03)00109-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10377","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.12.10377-10386.1999","article-title":"In vivo regulation of hepatitis B virus replication by peroxisome proliferators","volume":"73","author":"Guidotti LG","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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