{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:51:36Z","timestamp":1790520696272,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,28]],"date-time":"2016-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple studies have shown a high prevalence of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection in the Philippines, not only in high\u2010risk populations but also in the general population. The most recent national study estimated HBsAg seroprevalence to be 16.7%, corresponding to an estimated 7.3 million CHB adults. The factors underlying the high prevalence of CHB and its sequelae include the inadequate use of vaccination for prevention and the lack of treatment for many Filipinos. Because without medical monitoring and treatment of CHB the risk of progression to liver failure and death is 25\u201330%, the ultimate medical and societal costs will be very high if the Philippines fails to properly address hepatitis B infection. It will be very important to move forward with programs that can help to ensure universal vaccination of newborns, screening and vaccination nationwide, and monitoring and treatment for CHB persons. It will also be crucial to address transmission of HBV in the health\u2010care setting (via contaminated needles and syringes and inadequately sterilized hospital equipment) and via injection drug use and tattooing. Because of the relatively low average per capita income and the lack of coverage by PhilHealth of outpatient visits and medications, there is an urgent need to move forward with a nationally supported program that includes education for both the general public and health\u2010care workers on liver disease and screening for hepatitis viruses, followed by, as appropriate, vaccination or treatment, with expanded government coverage for these for all those who could not otherwise afford it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,9]],"date-time":"2015-12-09T04:16:33Z","timestamp":1449634593000},"page":"945-952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Chronic hepatitis B virus in the Philippines"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Robert G","family":"Gish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Stanford University  Stanford California USA"},{"name":"National Viral Hepatitis Roundtable  San Francisco California USA"},{"name":"FAIR Foundation  Palm Desert California USA"},{"name":"Hepatitis B Foundation  Doylestown Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Jose D","family":"Sollano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Gastroenterology University of Santo Tomas  Manila Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Lapasaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schools of Nursing and Medicine University of Nevada\u07daReno  Nevada Reno USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janus P","family":"Ong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine University of the Philippines\u2013Philippine General Hospital  Manila Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.11.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.116"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.059220"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific.Western Pacific regional plan for hepatitis B control through immunization. December2007.WHO (World Health Organization). Manila Philippines [Accessed: May 8 2015.] Available from URL:http:\/\/www.wpro.who.int\/immunization\/documents\/docs\/POA_HepB.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"972","article-title":"Priorities and challenges for hepatitis B control in the Philippines and the importance of a vaccine dose at birth","volume":"40","author":"Ruff TA","year":"2009","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v5.i4.214"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Hepatitis Research Program","author":"Research Institute for Tropical Medicine","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Measles elimination hepatitis B control and poliomyelitis eradication. Regional committee meeting resolution WPR\/RC56.R8. Manila: World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific.Consultation on improving and monitoring hepatitis B birth dose vaccination. Manila Philippines2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"Prevention & Control of Viral Hepatitis Infection: Framework for Global Action","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.10.110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7397.994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000050692"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90624-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/146.2.198"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890220102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/151.4.599"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90614-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi206"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114262"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Immunization week in the Western Pacific. April 11 2014.World Health Organization. Manila Philippines [Accessed: November 10 2015.] Available from URL:http:\/\/www.wpro.who.int\/world_immunization_week\/celebrating_wiw2014\/en\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.HepB birth dose: reported estimates of hepB BD coverage. February 20 2013.World Health Organization. Manila Philippines [Accessed: 20 October 2013.] Available from URL:http:\/\/apps.who.int\/immunization_monitoring\/globalsummary\/timeseries\/tscoveragehepb_bd.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7423.1075"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/095646204322637182"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03403814"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.11.097"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114288"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen in the Philippines","volume":"10","author":"Basaca\u2010Sevilla V","year":"1981","journal-title":"Phil J Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","volume-title":"Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Viral Hepatitis and Liver Disease: Molecules Today, More Cures Tomorrow, Tokyo, May 10\u201314, 1993 (1993 ISVHLD)","author":"Domingo E","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among Tagalogs and Mangyans in Oriental Mindoro","volume":"44","author":"Evangelista KV","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phil J Intern Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","first-page":"301","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among healthy adults and high\u2010risk groups","volume":"43","author":"Dalmacio LM","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phil J Intern Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19811001)48:7<1590::AID-CNCR2820480720>3.0.CO;2-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02774352"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(92)91188-A"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2000.02097.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-118-3-199302010-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.3.294"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000171343"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Health Service Delivery Profile: Philippines 2012. WHO (World Health Organization)2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-012-9365-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","first-page":"A42","article-title":"High family clustering of hepatitis B virus infection among immediate and first degree relatives","volume":"17","author":"Dy FT","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","unstructured":"Health Research Institute.Social media \u201clikes\u201d healthcare: from marketing to social business. PwC US2012:1\u201338."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.11.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Third dose of hepatitis B vaccine: reported estimates of hepB3 coverage. February 20 2013.World Health Organization. Manila Philippines [Accessed: October 20 2013.] Available from URL:http:\/\/apps.who.int\/immunization_monitoring\/globalsummary\/timeseries\/tscoveragehepb3.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jphp.2012.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","unstructured":"Republic of the Philippines.Republic Act No. 10152: Mandatory Infants and Children Health Immunization Act of 2011. Manila Philippines: Republic of the Philippines2010."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","unstructured":"United Nations Population Fund.MDG 5: will Philippine women continue to die during childbirth?: United Nations Population Fund2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","unstructured":"National Statistics Office.Maternal and child health 2011 family health survey. Manila Philippines: Department of Health Republic of the Philippines2011."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.092825"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)30881-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80494-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0327-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/514610"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X14524614"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00514-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38719.435833.7C"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Assessment survey of injection safety and safety of phlebotomies lancet procedures intravenous injections and infusions in government health facilities in the Philippines. WHO (World Health Organization)2007:1\u201358."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Risk factors for hepatitis B infection among gynecologic patients admitted in a tertiary hospital for elective surgery: a cross\u2010sectional study","volume":"29","author":"Tecson MPV","year":"2005","journal-title":"Philipp J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.Suppl_2.S43"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2007.05010.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjgh.13258","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fjgh.13258","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jgh.13258","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,2]],"date-time":"2023-10-02T20:06:39Z","timestamp":1696277199000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jgh.13258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,28]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jgh.13258"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgh.13258","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0815-9319","1440-1746"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0815-9319","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1746","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-11-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2016-04-28","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}