{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T08:24:30Z","timestamp":1740126270241,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]],"date-time":"2017-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although the esophagus is a common site of opportunistic infection in AIDS patients, little is known about the impact of HIV as well as opportunistic infection in the esophageal mucosa. Our aim is to analyze the esophageal immune profile in HIV+ patients with different immunological status with and without the opportunistic <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immunohistochemistry to CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cells, \u03b3\u2010interferon, transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b2, interleukin (IL)\u20104, IL\u20106, IL\u201013, and IL\u201017 was performed in esophageal samples of 40 chronically HIV+ patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy (16 with <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> esophagitis, 12 virologically non\u2010supressed with blood CD4 count\u00a0&lt;\u00a0500, and 12 virologically suppressed with blood CD4 count\u00a0&gt;\u00a0500; the latter two groups without esophageal candidiasis). The controls were 12 HIV\u2010negative healthy individuals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Esophageal CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell expression in HIV+ patients did not differ from the control group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.50). Mucosal CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell expression was significantly increased in HIV+ patients (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0018). <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> esophagitis and virologically non\u2010supressed HIV+ patients with CD4\u00a0&lt;\u00a0500 showed an increased expression of IL\u201017 and IL\u20106 with fewer expressions of \u03b3\u2010interferon, more attenuated in the latter group<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> Transforming growth factor\u2010\u03b2 was increased only in virologically suppressed HIV+ patients with CD4\u00a0&gt;\u00a0500. IL\u20104 and IL\u201013 were similar to the control group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In contrast to CD8<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell expression, esophageal CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell expression does not reflect the HIV+ patient's immunological status. T\u2010helper 17 (Th17) response seems to play a role in the esophageal mucosa of virologically non\u2010supressed HIV+ patients with blood CD4\u00a0&lt;\u00a0500. <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> esophagitis showed a Th1\/Th17 response but seems to be dominantly regulated by the Th17 pathway.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,7]],"date-time":"2017-04-07T11:18:41Z","timestamp":1491563921000},"page":"1832-1838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Esophageal mucosa in HIV infection: A\u201cdeeper\u201d look at this little spoken organ"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2505-8394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Luiza","family":"Werneck\u2010Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Casa da AIDS\u2014Infectious Disease Division University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Division University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Medicine  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7759-9598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Pagliari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio da Disciplina de Patologia de Mol\u00e9stias Transmiss\u00edveis University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roseli A","family":"Patzina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Disciplina de Patologia University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cleusa Fumica Hirata","family":"Takakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio da Disciplina de Patologia de Mol\u00e9stias Transmiss\u00edveis University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Irma","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio da Disciplina de Patologia de Mol\u00e9stias Transmiss\u00edveis University of S\u00e3o Paulo  S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03501"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041196"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012491543-5\/50099-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.1997.tb00966.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Mucosal immune dysfunction in AIDS pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Paiardini M","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041373"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/852418"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13127"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2009.00807.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/315872"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910508401101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2009.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.1999.00653.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2010.0184"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0b013e3181b5073a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(99)90114-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106261"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001801"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32835d85b4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2013.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/527324"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.21.11708-11717.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030546"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350901400310","article-title":"Early initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy fails to reverse immunovirological abnormalities in gut\u2010associated lymphoid tissue induced by acute HIV infection","volume":"14","author":"Tincati C","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antivir. 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