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Significant advancements have been made in the management of AC over last decade. The introduction of high resolution manometry and per\u2010oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has strengthened the diagnostic and therapeutic armamentarium of AC. High resolution manometry allows for the characterization of the type of achalasia, which in turn has important therapeutic implications. The endoscopic management of AC has been reinforced with the introduction of POEM that has been found to be highly effective and safe in palliating the symptoms in short\u2010term to mid\u2010term follow\u2010up studies. POEM is less invasive than Heller's myotomy and provides the endoscopist with the opportunity of adjusting the length and orientation of esophageal myotomy according to the type of AC. The management of achalasia needs to be tailored for each patient, and the role of pneumatic balloon dilatation, POEM, or Heller's myotomy needs to be revisited. In this review, we discuss the important aspects of diagnosis as well as management of AC. The statements presented in the manuscript reflect the cumulative efforts of an expert consensus group.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,29]],"date-time":"2018-01-29T15:16:05Z","timestamp":1517238965000},"page":"1436-1444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Management of achalasia cardia: Expert consensus statements"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Mohan","family":"Ramchandani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Asian Institute of Gastroenterology  Hyderabad Telangana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Nageshwar Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Asian Institute of Gastroenterology  Hyderabad Telangana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaheer","family":"Nabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Asian Institute of Gastroenterology  Hyderabad Telangana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radhika","family":"Chavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Asian Institute of Gastroenterology  Hyderabad Telangana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amol","family":"Bapaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Diseases and Endoscopy Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital and Research Center  Pune Maharashtra India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shobna","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Seth G S Medical College and KEM Hospital  Mumbai Maharashtra India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilay","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Vedanta Institute of Medical Sciences  Ahmedabad Gujarat India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Dhawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Bhatia General Hospital  Mumbai Maharashtra India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adarsh","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Gastroenterology Medanta The Medicity  Gurgaon Haryana India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uday C","family":"Ghoshal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology SGPGI  Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Philip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology PVS Memorial Hospital  Ernakulam Kerala India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horst","family":"Neuhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Evangelical Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf  Dusseldorf Nordrhein\u2010Westfalen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Deviere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Erasmus Hospital  Bruxelles Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruhiro","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive Disease Center Showa University Koto\u2010Toyosu Hospital  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2013.196"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7001.376"},{"key":"e_1_2_4_4_1","first-page":"1193","article-title":"The periodic health examination. 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