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The results of randomized trials comparing budesonide <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic> placebo or active comparators have led to expert recommendations that budesonide be used to treat mild or moderate active ileocecal Crohn's disease, microscopic colitis (including both collagenous and lymphocytic colitis), ulcerative colitis, and non\u2010cirrhotic autoimmune hepatitis. The mechanism of budesonide action obviates the need for dose tapering due to safety reasons after induction therapy. Where low\u2010dose budesonide is used to maintain remission, usually in microscopic colitis, it does not appear to have adverse safety implications other than slight reductions in cortisol levels on rare occasions. As a gut\u2010selective and liver\u2010selective corticosteroid, budesonide offers an appealing alternative to conventional systemic glucocorticoids in diseases of these organs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,31]],"date-time":"2018-03-31T05:10:00Z","timestamp":1522473000000},"page":"1574-1581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Oral budesonide in gastrointestinal and liver disease: A practical guide for the clinician"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Stephan","family":"Miehlke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Digestive Diseases Internal Medicine Center Eppendorf  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel Barreiro\u2010de","family":"Acosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intestinal Inflammatory Disease Unit, Department of Gastroenterology University Clinical Hospital of Santiago de Compostela  Santiago de Compostela Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Bouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Vrije University Medical Center  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Carpio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digestive System Service University Hospital of Pontevedra Complex  Pontevedra Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Magro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine University of Porto  Porto Portugal"},{"name":"MedInUP, Centre for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines University of Porto  Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Moreels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepato\u2010Gastroenterology Cliniques Universitaires Saint\u2010Luc  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Probert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Institute of Translational Medicine  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21984"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200443120-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2008.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199409293311304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8964395"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000338128"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00662-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02338.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1998.00285.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308363"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjw168"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.11.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.39.1.82"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.156513"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.07.081"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","unstructured":"Data on file Dr. Falk Pharma GmbH Frieburg Germany"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"NilssonM Edsb\u00e5cker LarssonP WirenJE.Dose\u2010proportional kinetics of budesonide controlled ileal release (CIR) capsules. 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