{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T14:58:25Z","timestamp":1781103505338,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007225","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SB\/SO\/HS\/0097\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SB\/SO\/HS\/0097\/2013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Demonstration of villous abnormalities is an essential component of diagnosis of celiac disease (CeD) that requires duodenal biopsies. There is a need for non\u2010invasive biomarker(s) that can predict the presence of villous abnormalities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Levels of plasma citrulline, plasma intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I\u2010FABP), and serum regenerating gene 1\u03b1 (Reg1\u03b1) were estimated in treatment na\u00efve patients with CeD and controls. The levels of these biomarkers and their cyclical pattern were validated in a predicted model of enteropathy. Optimum diagnostic cut\u2010off values were derived, and the results were further validated in a prospective validation cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>While level of plasma citrulline was significantly lower, the levels of plasma I\u2010FABP and serum Reg1\u03b1 were significantly higher in patients with CeD (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0131) in comparison with healthy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0216) and disease controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0133), and their levels reversed after a gluten\u2010free diet (GFD). In the model of predicted enteropathy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a070), a sequential decrease and then increase in the level of plasma citrulline was observed; such a sequential change was not observed with I\u2010FABP and Reg1\u03b1. The diagnostic accuracy for prediction of presence of villous abnormality was 89% and 78% if citrulline level was \u00a0\u2264\u00a030\u00a0\u03bcM\/L and I\u2010FABP levels were \u2265\u00a01100\u00a0pg\/mL, respectively. The results were validated in a prospective validation cohort (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0104) with a sensitivity and specificity of 79.5% and 83.1%, respectively, for predicting villous abnormalities of modified Marsh grade\u00a0<jats:styled-content>&gt;<\/jats:styled-content>\u00a02 at calculated cut\u2010off values of citrulline and I\u2010FABP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plasma citrulline \u00a0\u2264\u00a030\u00a0\u03bcM\/L is the most consistent, highly reproducible non\u2010invasive biomarker that can predict the presence of villous abnormality and has the potential for avoiding duodenal biopsies in 78% patients suspected to have CeD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T12:43:40Z","timestamp":1568033020000},"page":"438-445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Non\u2010immunological biomarkers for assessment of villous abnormalities in patients with celiac disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Alka","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition All India Institute of Medical Sciences  New Delhi India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1507-6417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil K","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition All India Institute of Medical Sciences  New Delhi India"},{"name":"Celiac 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