{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:25:45Z","timestamp":1784309145993,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,16]],"date-time":"2020-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide and one of the leading causes of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver transplantation. Moreover, patients with NAFLD frequently complain of non\u2010specific symptoms including fatigue, abdominal discomfort, as well as anxiety, and NAFLD is reported to affect patient\u2010reported outcomes (PROs). Thus, for clarifying the total burden of NAFLD, it is crucial to assess all associated outcomes, including not only clinical and economic outcomes but also PROs. PROs are thought to reflect what is happening in one's daily life and is an important way patients and health\u2010care professionals communicate. There are various instruments for the assessment of PROs. Recently, a NAFLD\/non\u2010alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)\u2010specific instrument called \u201cChronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ)\u2010NAFLD\/NASH\u201d has been developed. CLDQ\u2010NAFLD\/NASH comprises six domains: (i) abdominal symptoms, (ii) activity\/energy, (iii) emotional health, (iv) fatigue, (v) systemic symptoms, and (vi) worry. CLDQ\u2010NAFLD\/NASH has demonstrated excellent internal consistency, face validity, content validity, and test\u2013retest reliability. It has been sufficiently validated in two international phase 3 clinical trials. In this review, we summarize features of various instruments for assessing PROs by focusing on CLDQ\u2010NAFLD\/NASH. We also examine the validity of CLDQ\u2010NAFLD\/NASH in Japanese patients and alterations in CLDQ\u2010NAFLD\/NASH score in Japanese patients with significant hepatic fibrosis. Moreover, we discuss the utility of CLDQ\u2010NAFLD\/NASH in phase 3 clinical trials and in a real\u2010world clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T10:08:39Z","timestamp":1594030119000},"page":"629-636","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Patient\u2010reported outcomes in patients with non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease: A narrative review of Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire\u2010non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease\/non\u2010alcoholic steatohepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4879-0254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sakura","family":"Yamamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine Kurume University School of Medicine  Kurume 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