{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T23:42:07Z","timestamp":1788306127319,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]],"date-time":"2020-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Exclusion of nausea (N) and vomiting (V) from detailed consideration as symptoms of COVID\u201019 is surprising as N can be an early presenting symptom. We examined the incidence of NV during infection before defining potential mechanisms. We estimate that the overall incidence of nausea (median 10.5%), although variable, is comparable with diarrhea. Poor definition of N, confusion with appetite loss, and reporting of N and\/or V as a single entity may contribute to reporting variability and likely underestimation. We propose that emetic mechanisms are activated by mediators released from the intestinal epithelium by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) modulate vagal afferents projecting to the brainstem and after entry into the blood, activate the area postrema (AP) also implicated in anorexia. The receptor for spike protein of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, angiotensin 2 converting enzyme (ACE2), and transmembrane protease serine (for viral entry) is expressed in upper gastrointestinal (GI) enterocytes, ACE2 is expressed on enteroendocrine cells (EECs), and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infects enterocytes but not EECs (studies needed with native EECs). The resultant virus\u2010induced release of epithelial mediators due to exocytosis, inflammation, and apoptosis provides the peripheral and central emetic drives. Additionally, data from SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 show an increase in plasma angiotensin II (consequent on SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\/ACE2 interaction), a centrally (AP) acting emetic, providing a further potential mechanism in COVID\u201019. Viral invasion of the dorsal brainstem is also a possibility but more likely in delayed onset symptoms. Overall, greater attention must be given to nausea as an early symptom of COVID\u201019 and for the insights provided into the GI effects of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,21]],"date-time":"2020-09-21T18:58:34Z","timestamp":1600714714000},"page":"646-656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["COVID\u201019, nausea, and vomiting"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7099-6964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul L R","family":"Andrews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Sciences St George's University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9592-2160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weigang","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute and the National Centre for Bowel Research, Barts The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A","family":"Rudd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4231-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gareth J","family":"Sanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute and the National Centre for Bowel Research, Barts The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320926"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320832"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200274"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12851"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321195"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v26.i14.1546"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15047"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101623"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","article-title":"COVID\u201019 patients' clinical characteristics, discharge rate, and fatality rate of meta\u2010analysis","author":"Li LQ","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000620"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-70479-6_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","volume-title":"Nausea: Mechanisms and Management","author":"Stern RM","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","volume-title":"Nausea and Vomiting: Diagnosis and Treatment","author":"Koch KL","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12855"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"135","article-title":"Does retching have a function. An experimental study in the ferret","volume":"9","author":"Andrews P","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pharmacodyn. Therap."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14238"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection in the United States: a multicenter cohort study","author":"Reddm WD","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2005073"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","article-title":"Association of digestive symptoms and hospitalization in patients with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection","author":"Cholankeril G","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000664"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","article-title":"Digestive manifestations in patients hospitalized with COVID\u201019","author":"Elmunzer BJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2020-0108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24718"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1643-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","article-title":"Digestive involvement of the coronavirus disease 2019: need attention on the 'gut\u2010type' in the novel coronaviral infection","author":"Zhang L","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30198-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Clinical analysis of 31 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children from six provinces (autonomous region) of northern China","volume":"58","author":"Wang D","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30086-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","article-title":"Manifestations of digestive system in hospitalized patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single\u2010center, descriptive study","volume":"40","author":"Fang D","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Dig."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChuM XuJ ZhongFet al.Digestive symptoms of COVID\u201019 and high expression of ACE2 in digestive tract organs.Available at SSRN 3572849.2020.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3572849"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.03.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.02.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","article-title":"Gastrointestinal symptoms as Covid\u201019 onset in hospitalized Italian patients","author":"Buscarini E","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa199"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00398-2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","first-page":"489","article-title":"Investigation and analysis on characteristics of a cluster of COVID\u201019 associated with exposure in a department store in Tianjin","volume":"41","author":"Wu WS","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","first-page":"E023\u2010E","article-title":"Comparison of the clinical characteristics between RNA positive and negative patients clinically diagnosed with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"43","author":"Li Y","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua jie he hu xi za zhi= Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi= Chin. J. Tuberculosis Respiratory Dis."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","first-page":"209","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 30 medical workers infected with new coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"43","author":"Liu M","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Jie He Hu Xi Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2003717"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-04735-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_1","article-title":"Clinical features of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia presented gastrointestinal symptoms but without fever onset","author":"An P","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i12.2554"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","first-page":"S0016\u20135085(20)3","article-title":"Are gastrointestinal symptoms specific for COVID\u201019 infection? A prospective case\u2010control study from the United States","author":"Chen A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6915e6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","first-page":"355","article-title":"Gastrointestinal involvement in COVID\u201019: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"33","author":"Rokkas T","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_1","article-title":"COVID\u201019 has become a major public health problem. There is good evidence that ACE2 is a receptor for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, and high expression of ACE2 may increase susceptibility to infection. We aimed to explore risk factors affecting susceptibility to infection and prioritize drug repositioning candidates, based on Mendelian randomization (MR) studies on ACE2 lung expression","volume":"43","author":"Rao S","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000410"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-27016-6_2","volume-title":"The Physiology and Pharmacology of Nausea and Vomiting Induced by Anticancer Chemotherapy in Humans. Management of Chemotherapy\u2010Induced Nausea and Vomiting","author":"Andrews PL","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.04.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0916-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc0473"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-200402000-00025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134277"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/\/0269-8803.16.3.150"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00913"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(88)90106-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfu166"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv061"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.00957.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002115"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00026-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159660"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05985-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(02)03640-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2005.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1669"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320953"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0754-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.03.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0883"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060537"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2011.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2015-1106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617363114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.73"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2179"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_1","first-page":"S0016\u20135085(20)3","article-title":"Alterations in gut microbiota of patients with COVID\u201019 during time of hospitalization","author":"Zuo T","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11228"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","first-page":"175","article-title":"Early toxicity of recombinant interleukin\u20102 in cats","volume":"310","author":"Gonsalves SF","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-0904-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00672"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12338"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25728"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00292.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00122"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_107_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neurological manifestations of patients with COVID\u201019: potential routes of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 neuroinvasion from the periphery to the brain","author":"Li Z","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13372"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101642"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/444461"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00053"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-10-0045"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1871528113666140713164506"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1823-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00039.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(84)90220-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(85)90028-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00735276"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(83)91286-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(93)90001-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_121_1","first-page":"781","article-title":"Central respiratory inhibition by angiotensin II in anesthetized cats","volume":"247","author":"Borison HL","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2006.01600.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-8673.1989.tb00205.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1470320309347788"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00928176"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1959.197.4.850"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c120018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2004.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1973.tb05472.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197909273011318"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.09.072"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118782699.ch31"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470760307.ch15"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jgh.15261","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jgh.15261","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jgh.15261","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T09:15:38Z","timestamp":1693559738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jgh.15261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jgh.15261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgh.15261","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0815-9319","1440-1746"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0815-9319","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1746","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-06-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-03","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}