{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T19:02:19Z","timestamp":1785783739253,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Discordant reports of the signature gut microbes involved in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have hampered understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, and thus its diagnosis. Thus, we investigated diagnostic factors and the potential mechanisms for heterogenous NAFLD based on the gut environment, including microbes and functional pathways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stools from 16 biopsy\u2010proven NAFLD patients were analyzed for bacterial taxonomy and functional pathways based on 16s rRNA gene sequencing. Data from the physical examination, serum biochemistry, and the gut environment were subjected to a decision tree classifier to identify diagnostic markers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified two NAFLD subpopulations: those with and without a gut microbiota similar to health controls (HCs), defined as P<jats:sub>HC\u2010like<\/jats:sub> and P patients, respectively. Stools of P<jats:sub>HC\u2010like<\/jats:sub> patients were significantly populated with <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> and were inferred to be rich in metabolites degraded from dicarboxylic acid sugars. Significant colonization of <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> was observed in the stools of P patients, in parallel with enrichment of metabolites from heme b biosynthesis and sulfate reduction. As a potential mechanism, we suggest that protoporphyrin IX and\/or protoheme from <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> participates in hepatic injury, and that endogenous hydrogen sulfide increases serum IL\u20106 level in P patients. However, endotoxin\u2010producing <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> are thought to produce glycerate, triggering a peroxisome proliferator\u2010 activated receptor\u2010alpha\u2010mediated decrease in IL\u20106 level and fat accumulation in P<jats:sub>HC\u2010like<\/jats:sub> patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heterogenous NAFLD subpopulations were identified, defined according to gut microbial composition and their potential underlying pathogenic mechanisms; our results raise the possibility of personalized treatment for NALFD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T02:54:12Z","timestamp":1653706452000},"page":"1822-1832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gut microbial community differentially characterizes patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4836-3698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jai J","family":"Jee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center, Severance Hospital, Severance Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center, Severance Hospital  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyeon","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sowon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center, Severance Hospital, Severance Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center, Severance Hospital  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3660-7483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center, Severance Hospital, Severance Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center, Severance Hospital  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3552-3560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Gastroenterology Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital  Seoul Republic of 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