{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T21:50:35Z","timestamp":1779400235417,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP 1113850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP 1113850"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver condition globally. The aim of this study was to evaluate the change in age\u2010 and sex\u2010standardized prevalence of NAFLD in regional Victoria over a 15\u2010year period and explore the underlying factors associated with differences over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Repeated comparative cross\u2010sectional studies in four towns in regional Victoria, Australia. Individuals randomly selected from households from residential address lists from local government organizations in 2001\u20132003 (CrossRoads I [CR1]) and 2016\u20132018 (CrossRoads II [CR2]) with 1040 (99%) and 704 (94%) participants from CR1 and CR2 having complete data for analysis. Primary outcome was change in prevalence estimates of NAFLD (defined by a fatty liver index\u00a0\u2265\u00a060 in the absence of excess alcohol and viral hepatitis) between 2003 and 2018.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Crude prevalence of NAFLD increased from 32.7% to 38.8% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01), while age\u2010standardized\/sex\u2010standardized prevalence increased from 32.4% to 35.4% (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). Concurrently, prevalence of obesity defined by BMI and elevated waist circumference increased 28% and 25%, respectively. Women had a greater increase in the prevalence of NAFLD than men, in parallel with increasing prevalence of obesity. Proportion of participants consuming takeaway food greater than once weekly increased significantly over time. Up to 60% of NAFLD patients require additional tests for assessment of significant fibrosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Crude and age\u2010standardized\/sex\u2010standardized prevalence of NAFLD have both increased significantly over the last 15\u00a0years, particularly among women, in association with a parallel rise in the prevalence of obesity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T10:24:58Z","timestamp":1691835898000},"page":"1823-1831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence in Australia has risen over 15\u00a0years in conjunction with increased prevalence of obesity and reduction in healthy lifestyle"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6427-6140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Vaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Central Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0787-7273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Central Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ammar","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Central Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Lubel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Central Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianna J","family":"Magliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes and Population Health Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen M","family":"Glenister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rural Health University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Bourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rural Health University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rural Health University of Melbourne  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Macarthur Clinical School Western Sydney University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9015-7997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart K","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Alfred Health  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Central Clinical School Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","article-title":"2019 Global NAFLD Prevalence: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","author":"Le MH","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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