{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T14:29:07Z","timestamp":1784903347696,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]],"date-time":"2023-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012000","name":"All Japan Coffee Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020050","name":"Japan Intractable Diseases Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title>Although diet is one of the potential environmental factors affecting ulcerative colitis (UC), evidence is not sufficient to draw definitive conclusions. This Japanese case\u2013control study examined the association between the consumption of coffee, other caffeine\u2010containing beverages and food, and total caffeine and the risk of UC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>The study involved 384 UC cases and 665 control subjects. Intake of coffee, decaffeinated coffee, black tea, green tea, oolong tea, carbonated soft drinks, and chocolate snacks was measured with a semiquantitative food\u2010frequency questionnaire. Adjustments were made for sex, age, pack\u2010years of smoking, alcohol consumption, history of appendicitis, family history of UC, education level, body mass index, and intake of vitamin C, retinol, and total energy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Higher consumption of coffee and carbonated soft drinks was associated with a reduced risk of UC with a significant dose\u2013response relationship (P<\/jats:italic> for trend for coffee and carbonated soft drinks were <0.0001 and 0.01, respectively), whereas higher consumption of chocolate snacks was significantly associated with an increased risk of UC. No association was observed between consumption of decaffeinated coffee, black tea, green tea, or oolong tea and the risk of UC. Total caffeine intake was inversely associated with the risk of UC; the adjusted odds ratio between extreme quartiles was 0.44 (95% confidence interval: 0.29\u20130.67; P<\/jats:italic> for trend <0.0001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>We confirmed that intake of coffee and caffeine is also associated with a reduced risk of UC in Japan where people consume relatively low quantities of coffee compared with Western countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T05:34:20Z","timestamp":1702272860000},"page":"512-518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Coffee and caffeine intake reduces risk of ulcerative colitis: a case\u2013control study in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3748-5799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keiko","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine Toon Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hitomi","family":"Okubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine Toon Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1244-4488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Miyake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine Toon Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chisato","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine Gifu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinya","family":"Furukawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Center Ehime University Matsuyama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8533-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Andoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Shiga University of Medical Science Otsu Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuji","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion National Institute of Public Health Saitama 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