{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:12:49Z","timestamp":1787015569228,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020950","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["112\u20102634\u2010F\u2010A49\u2010003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112\u20102634\u2010F\u2010A49\u2010003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020950","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Computed tomography of the abdomen exhibits subtle and complex features of liver lesions, subjectively interpreted by physicians. We developed a deep learning\u2010based localization and classification (DLLC) system for focal liver lesions (FLLs) in computed tomography imaging that could assist physicians in more robust clinical decision\u2010making.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a retrospective study (approval no. EMRP\u2010109\u2010058) on 1589 patients with 17\u00a0335 slices with 3195 FLLs using data from January 2004 to December 2020. The training set included 1272 patients (male: 776, mean age 62\u00a0\u00b1\u00a010.9), and the test set included 317 patients (male: 228, mean age 57\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011.8). The slices were annotated by annotators with different experience levels, and the DLLC system was developed using generative adversarial networks for data augmentation. A comparative analysis was performed for the DLLC system\n                      <jats:italic>versus<\/jats:italic>\n                      physicians using external data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our DLLC system demonstrated mean average precision at 0.81 for localization. The system's overall accuracy for multiclass classifications was 0.97 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95\u20130.99). Considering FLLs\u00a0\u2264\u00a03\u00a0cm, the system achieved an accuracy of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.68\u20130.98), and for size\u00a0&gt;\u00a03\u00a0cm, the accuracy was 0.87 (95% CI: 0.77\u20130.97) for localization. Furthermore, during classification, the accuracy was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.92\u20130.98) for FLLs\u00a0\u2264\u00a03\u00a0cm and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94\u20131.00) for FLLs\u00a0&gt;\u00a03\u00a0cm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This system can provide an accurate and non\u2010invasive method for diagnosing liver conditions, making it a valuable tool for hepatologists and radiologists.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T19:33:43Z","timestamp":1731612823000},"page":"166-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Automatic localization and deep convolutional generative adversarial network\u2010based classification of focal liver lesions in computed tomography images: A preliminary study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6077-9701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pushpanjali","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Translational Research Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Health Innovation Center National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Informatics National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao\u2010Chun","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology E\u2010DA Hospital  Kaohsiung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine I\u2010Shou University  Kaohsiung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li\u2010Lin","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Innovation Center National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan\u2010Chia","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Management Office Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Big Data Center Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Information Management National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9509-9298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia\u2010Sheng","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Program of Interdisciplinary Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Taipei City Hospital Yang Ming Branch  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaw\u2010Liang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian\u2010An","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Informatics National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei\u2010Hsiu","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Informatics National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya\u2010Ching","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Informatics National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4097-4315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teng\u2010Yu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Taichung Veterans General Hospital  Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine Chung Shan Medical University  Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Che\u2010Lun","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Innovation Center National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Informatics National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun\u2010Ying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Translational Research Taipei Veterans General Hospital  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Health Innovation Center National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Informatics National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Ph.D. Program of Interdisciplinary Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2015.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21708"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.715429"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2019.0752"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31603"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2022.102331"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3422622"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017170706"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261\u2010020\u201002485\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330\u2010021\u201007803\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330\u2010020\u201007559\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244\u2010021\u201001117\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.581210"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"RadfordA MetzL ChintalaS.Unsupervised representation learning with deep convolutional generative adversarial networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:151106434.2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Pelee: a real\u2010time object detection system on mobile devices","author":"Wang RJ","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Neur. In."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01079"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Tpami.2018.2858826"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","unstructured":"RedmonJ FarhadiA.Yolov3: an incremental improvement. arXiv preprint arXiv:180402767.2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition","author":"Wang C\u2010Y","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20103\u2010030\u201032226\u20107_45"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","unstructured":"JocherG ChaurasiaA QiuJ.YOLO by Ultralytics. Available from URL:https:\/\/github.com\/ultralytics\/.2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","unstructured":"JacobS Francesco.What is YOLOv8? A complete guide.https:\/\/blog.roboflow.com\/whats\u2010new\u2010in\u2010yolov8\/.2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","unstructured":"SzegedyC IoffeS VanhouckeV AlemiA.Inception\u2010ResNet and the impact of residual connections on learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:160207261.2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"EfficientNet: rethinking model scaling for convolutional neural networks","author":"Tan MX","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FUZZY.2010.5584447"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","unstructured":"AbadiM AgarwalA BarhamP BrevdoE ChenZ CitroC et al.Tensorflow: large\u2010scale machine learning on heterogeneous distributed systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:160304467.2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589\u20107500(19)30123\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Iccv.2017.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278\u2010013\u20109622\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010022\u201030695\u20109"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jgh.16803","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jgh.16803","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jgh.16803","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T01:14:50Z","timestamp":1771204490000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jgh.16803"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jgh.16803"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgh.16803","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0815-9319","1440-1746"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0815-9319","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1746","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-04-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-10-24","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}