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These cells are critically implicated in diverse pathological contexts, including cancer progression, chronic infections, and inflammatory disorders. In chronic liver diseases, MDSCs contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple conditions, such as chronic viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and autoimmune liver diseases (AILD). Emerging evidence highlights their dual roles in both exacerbating tissue injury and modulating immune responses, positioning MDSCs as pivotal regulators of disease progression and potential therapeutic targets. 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