{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T19:55:56Z","timestamp":1781812556629,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a group of chronic intestinal diseases possibly linked to genetic, environmental, and dietary factors. Recently, studies on caffeine intake and IBD risk have increased, but results remain controversial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the relationship between caffeine intake and IBD risk through a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study searched multiple databases for prospective, cross\u2010sectional and case\u2013control studies examining caffeine intake and IBD risk, including CNKI, VIP, Wanfang, PubMed, Embase, JBI, and WOS, from database inception to May 21, 2024. Two researchers independently extracted literature data and evaluated quality using Stata 16.0 software for meta\u2010analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 21 studies with 13\u2009209 participants were included. The meta\u2010analysis showed no significant association between caffeine intake and IBD (RR\u2009=\u20090.84, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.68\u20131.04). In Americans, caffeine increased UC risk by 68% (RR\u2009=\u20091.68, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.17\u20132.42). Age analysis showed caffeine increased IBD risk by 4.52 times in those \u226418 (RR\u2009=\u20094.52, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.59\u201312.88) but decreased risk by 7% in those\u2009&gt;18 (RR\u2009=\u20090.93, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.73\u20131.18). Coffee reduced UC risk by 57% (RR\u2009=\u20090.43, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.29\u20130.65), tea by 46% (RR\u2009=\u20090.54, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.31\u20130.92). Caffeine increased CD risk by 80% in smokers (RR\u2009=\u20091.80, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.25\u20132.60).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The relationship between caffeine intake and IBD risk varies by region, age, caffeine source, smoking, and education level. In Asia and Europe, coffee and tea reduce UC risk, whereas in America and among adolescents, caffeine may increase UC risk. Smoking and education level also significantly influence this relationship, suggesting various factors must be considered to assess caffeine's impact on IBD risk accurately.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.70172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T02:17:51Z","timestamp":1764555471000},"page":"401-412","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Caffeine and IBD Risk: A Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Xiangying","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Jingmen Central Hospital  Jingmen Hubei China"},{"name":"Jingmen Central Hospital Affiliated to Jingchu University of Technology  Jingmen Hubei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinqin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Jingmen Central Hospital  Jingmen Hubei China"},{"name":"Jingmen Central Hospital Affiliated to Jingchu University of Technology  Jingmen Hubei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0510-8251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Jingmen Central Hospital  Jingmen Hubei China"},{"name":"Jingmen Central Hospital Affiliated to Jingchu University of Technology  Jingmen Hubei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2023.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.727664"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36740\/WLek202205232"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-022-00689-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061863"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082167"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113074"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcte.2017.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2010.00867.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-024-00581-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1983.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2022.109722"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2017.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-021-00748-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9622-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2020.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1963207"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009070"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-013-0865-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071747"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307410"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_512_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-015-0070-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2011.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.15.2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470712184"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","volume-title":"The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta\u2010Analyses","author":"Wells G.A.","year":"2014"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","first-page":"297","article-title":"Meta\u2010Analysis Series IV: A Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Studies","volume":"4","author":"Zeng X.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Evidence\u2010Based Cardiovascular Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-014-9944-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3001666"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199201000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199803000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11569\/wcjd.v14.i31.3030"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mib.0000228998.29466.ac"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","first-page":"108","article-title":"Case\u2013Control Study of Risk Factors for Ulcerative Colitis. Chinese Journal of","volume":"28","author":"Colitis, C.C.G.f.U","year":"2008","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","volume-title":"Follow\u2010Up and Risk Factor Analysis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children","author":"Guan D.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","first-page":"1188","article-title":"Case\u2013Control Study of Risk Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"14","author":"Shi L.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chinese General Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","first-page":"110","article-title":"Case\u2013Control Study of Risk Factors for Ulcerative Colitis in the Shaanxi Population","volume":"22","author":"Zhang W.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of New Medicine Knowledge"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","first-page":"567","article-title":"Analysis of Influencing Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Based on Logistic Regression","volume":"33","author":"Zhang A.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Gannan Medical University"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i11.1827"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.13094"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153524"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","first-page":"1020","article-title":"Case\u2013Control Study of Risk Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Southern Sichuan Region","volume":"25","author":"Chang R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Modern Digestive and Interventional Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Correlational Analysis of Risk Factors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"43","author":"Xu X.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Medical Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042287"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16439"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2373-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232157"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006231-199511000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020399"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.07.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015795"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c06821"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.101092"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12142"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.196"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntac064"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2014.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305304"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051533"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32448-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105383"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsab268"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-014-0549-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2019.10"}],"container-title":["Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jgh.70172","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/jgh.70172","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/jgh.70172","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T19:09:23Z","timestamp":1781809763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/jgh.70172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/jgh.70172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgh.70172","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0815-9319","1440-1746"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0815-9319","type":"print"},{"value":"1440-1746","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-17","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}