{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T21:33:26Z","timestamp":1793568806919,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Potassium\u2010competitive acid blockers (P\u2010CABs) are a novel class of acid suppressants developed to overcome the limitations of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), providing rapid and sustained acid suppression. While PPI\u2010related adverse events (AEs) are well\u2010documented, safety data on P\u2010CABs remain limited. This study systematically reviewed AEs of P\u2010CABs compared with PPIs, with a meta\u2010analysis focusing on hypergastrinemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following a preregistered PROSPERO protocol (CRD42024565011), we searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies comparing P\u2010CABs and PPIs in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease or peptic ulcer disease. Frequently reported AEs and serious AEs (SAEs) were qualitatively synthesized; hypergastrinemia was quantitatively analyzed using a random\u2010effects model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten RCTs and one observational study were included. Nine studies reported specific AEs, with diarrhea reported in seven studies and constipation, nasopharyngitis, and liver\u2010related events, each reported in three. Most AEs had reporting rates below 5%, except diarrhea, nasopharyngitis, and upper respiratory tract inflammation, which exceeded 5% in both groups. Fracture demonstrated the largest relative difference between the groups, with a threefold higher rate in the P\u2010CAB group. SAEs were observed in fewer than 10% of patients in both groups in most studies. A meta\u2010analysis of six studies showed greater serum gastrin elevation in the P\u2010CAB group compared with the PPI group (mean difference: 130.92\u2009pg\/mL, 95% confidence intervals: 36.37\u2013225.47).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>P\u2010CABs demonstrate a comparable AE risk to PPIs but monitoring for hypergastrinemia and hepatic dysfunction is essential. Further research is required to support safer clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.70178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T03:15:56Z","timestamp":1764731756000},"page":"28-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Safety of Potassium\u2010Competitive Acid Blockers Compared With Proton Pump Inhibitors in Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9862-1579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yewon","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Ajou University  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jongho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of BioHealth Regulatory Science Graduate School of Ajou University  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dahee","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Ajou University  Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae\u00a0Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Institute of new Drug Development Jeonbuk National University  Jeonju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4343-6950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyuk\u00a0Soon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Korea University College of Medicine  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ha\u2010Lim","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Institute of new Drug Development Jeonbuk National University  Jeonju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7780-159X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hankil","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Ewha Womans University  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.21573"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2024.6724"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2020.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2011.06921.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-008-0098-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-016-0345-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.07.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.170274"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-020-0753-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i42.6342"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.16398"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848231167858"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","volume-title":"MedDRA: Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities. 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