{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:16:11Z","timestamp":1788318971785,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Gastro and Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Given the prevalence and chronicity of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), this systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on the cost of illness of IBS, with attention to the relative contributions of direct healthcare and indirect non\u2010healthcare costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted from inception to August 2025, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines (PROSPERO CRD420251266432). Studies were included if they primarily assessed costs of IBS with sufficiently detailed methodology. Costs were inflation\u2010adjusted to 2024 US dollars using World Bank consumer price indices and prevailing exchange rates. Risk of bias was assessed using the Consensus on Health Economic Criteria (CHEC) list.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty\u2010three studies met our inclusion criteria, spanning 14 countries from 1992 to 2022. Mean annual direct healthcare costs per patient ranged widely, from US$193 in Korea to US$31113 in the United States among patients with IBS\u2010C. Among the 10 studies adopting a societal perspective, indirect costs such as absenteeism, presenteeism, and lost productivity frequently constituted a dominant share of total costs. In some settings, non\u2010healthcare costs exceeded direct healthcare costs several\u2010fold (e.g., Sweden: US$17112 vs. US$1943 for IBS\u2010C). Treatment failure and inadequate symptom control were associated with higher expenditures. IBS\u2010C incurred the highest subtype\u2010specific costs, and racial and gender disparities in spending were identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IBS imposes a considerable global economic burden. When societal perspectives are adopted, indirect costs emerge as a predominant driver of total costs, necessitating holistic management strategies. Importantly, assessments limited to direct healthcare expenditures underestimate the true economic impact of IBS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.70618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T06:26:08Z","timestamp":1785565568000},"page":"2557-2570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cost\u2010of\u2010Illness of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Klarisse Man Ling","family":"Neo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health UNSW Sydney  Kensington Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia Le","family":"How","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asher Yu Han","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gheng Yong","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shruti Rahul","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua Wang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences The University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0332-9947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin Xiang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences McGill University  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2795-5101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kewin Tien Ho","family":"Siah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore  Singapore"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology &amp; Hepatology, University Medicine Cluster National University Hospital  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8561-2513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qin Xiang","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Translational Innovation Office SingHealth Community Hospitals  Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30217-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324598"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-020-01593-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14446"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13030-024-00309-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16939"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2023.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i47.10450"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90738-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.05258.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.8.929"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-019-0985-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.t01-1-01736.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2013.19.9.755"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page M. 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